On the Nature of Consciousness/Biological
Rhythms and Sleep/The Sleep and Waking Cycle
1. Summarize the reasons behind the chapter’s introductory statement that ‘consciousness has represented something of a paradox for psychology’.
2. What did William James name the flow of continuous change in your personal awareness? What was
Freud’s take and interest on this? How has research shown that there are indeed levels of awareness?
3. What has been the most commonly used to measure variations in consciousness? What are the representations of cortical activity called? Use Table 5.1 to name and describe the different forms of these.
4. How is a person’s body temperature related to their sleep patterns? How is this related to the idea of “night” vs “morning” people?
EEG Pattern Frequency
(cps)
Typical States of
Consciousness
5. What is the cause of jet lag? What’s the rule of thumb for readjusting to jet lag? Why do rotating-shift workers experience more havoc with their biological rhythms than flyers do? Figure 5.2: How are circadian rhythms demonstrated during sleep in terms of:
1) alertness: _____________________
2) body temp: ____________________
3) growth hormone secretion:
________________________________
Why are the results of this research inconsistent? the more likely result for teams playing the day after travelling east vs. those travelling west? __________________
Why? ___________________________
* As you read the third section, remember that stage 4 has since been incorporated into stage 3, leaving only three NREM stages.
7. How long does stage 1 last? What four things slow/decline? What type of waves become prominent?

8. What is characteristic of brain wave activity during stage 2 sleep? What happens to the waves as the body moves into deeper sleep? What happens after the body is in stage 3 sleep for about 30 minutes?
9. What does the book call the 5 th stage of sleep that occurs instead of stage 1 when you cycle back? Why is this a ‘deep’ stage of sleep? How do brain waves contradict this? What is the probable cause for this?
Figure 5.4
Stage
Awake
Drowsy
1
Waves
Beta
2
3
REM
10. Briefly summarize the changes in the sleep cycle as the night wears on.
11. What are two age-related changes in sleep? Based on the results of a recent study, what might account for the second of these? stages? ___________________ Why?
________________________________
What is prominent early in the night?
_____________ the 2 nd half? _________
Figure 5.6: If after adolescence your
12. What part of the brain is the ARAS in that is important to sleep sleep patterns remain relatively stable, and wakefulness? What happens to a cat if these fibers are cut  ?
What aspect of sleep is the pons related to? what are two changes you can expect?
________________________________
13. Despite wide variations, what is the emerging consensus regarding partial sleep deprivation/sleep restriction? In the Discussion section of the Featured Study, what do the authors of the study conclude?
14. What does selective deprivation of sleep refer to? What is the impact on daytime functioning? What effect is seen to a large degree?
Figure 5.9: Why do researchers have to wake subjects up more frequently to deprive them of REM sleep over time?
________________________________ need for REM and slow-wave sleep?
Figure 5.11: What’s the best amount of time to sleep per night if you want to live a long life? __________________ the worst? __________________