Pelaporan dan
Akuntansi Keuangan
Assets
• Probable future economic benefits obtained
and controlled by a particular entity as a
result of past transactions or events
Cash, Receivables, and
Financial Instruments
Financial Instruments
• Financial instrument:
– Any contract that gives rise to both a financial
asset of one entity and a financial liability or
equity instrument of another entity
– Financial asset and financial liability
• Financial asset  example: cash, receivables
• Financial liability  example: long-term debt
Cash
• Cash: cash on hand and demand deposits
with banks or other financial institutions
• Cash equivalents: short-term highly liquid
investments that are readily convertible to
known amounts of cash and which are
subjects to an insignificant risk of changes
in value
Receivables
• Trade receivables: amounts due from
customers for goods sold or services
performed in the normal course of business
• Notes receivable  written promissory
notes
Bad Debt Expense
• Proper matching if bad debt expense is
recorded in the same fiscal period as the
revenues to which they are related
• Estimation techniques:
– Percentage-of-sales method
– Aging method
Pledging, Assigning, and Factoring
• Pledging: an agreement whereby accounts
receivable are used as collateral for loans
 Disclosure
• Assignment: more formalized transfer of the asset
to the lending institution
 Disclosure
• Factoring: outright sale of receivables to a
financing institution known as factor
– Transfers of receivables with recourse
Anjak Piutang
• Jenis pembiayaan dalam bentuk pembelian
dan/atau pengalihan piutang atau tagihan
jangka pendek suatu perusahaan yang
berasal dari transaksi usaha
Anjak Piutang Tanpa Recourse
• Penjualan piutang atas dasar notifikasi
– Factor menanggung penuh risiko penagihan
dan hak menerima pembayaran dari klien
apabila terjadi kerugian atas piutang alihan
yang tidak tertagih
• Diperlakukan sebagai penjualan piutang
Anjak Piutang Dengan Recourse
• Klien mempunyai kewajiban membayar
seluruh atau sebagian dana yang diperoleh
dari piutang alihan, atau membeli kembali
piutang alihan, dalam hal nasabah tidak
membayar piutang alihan tersebut kepada
factor pada saat jatuh tempo
• Diakui sebagai kewajiban anjak piutang
sebesar nilai piutang yang dialihkan
Inventory
Inventory
• Inventory: items that are held for sale in the
ordinary course of business; in the process
of production for such sale; or in the form
of materials or supplies to be consumed in
the production process or in the rendering of
services
Two Types of Entities
• Merchandising entity  merchandise
inventory
• Manufacturer:
– Raw materials
– Work in process
– Finished goods
Inventory
• Basis for valuation: the lower of cost and
net realizable value
• Cost flow assumptions:
– FIFO
– Weighted-average
Ownership of Goods
• 4 matters that may cause confusion about
proper ownership
–
–
–
–
Goods in transit
Consignment sales
Product financing arrangements
Sales made with the buyer having generous or
unusual right of return
Goods in Transit
• Goods are included in the inventory of the
firm financially responsible for
transportation costs
– FOB destination: part of seller’s inventory
while in transit
– FOB shipping: part of buyer’s inventory while
in transit
Consignment Sales
• Goods out on consignment are properly
included in the inventory of the consignor
and excluded from the inventory of
consignee
Product Financing Arrangements
• A transaction in which an entity sells and
agrees to repurchase inventory with
repurchase price equal to the original sales
price plus the carrying and financing costs
– The substance is a borrowing
Right to Return Purchases
• The sale is to be recorded if the future
amount of the returns can be reasonably
estimated
Accounting for Inventories
• Two systems:
– Periodic inventory system
• The inventory quantity is determined periodically by
a physical count
– Perpetual inventory system
• Keeps a running total of the quantity of inventory on
hand by recording all sales and purchases as they
occur
Valuation of Inventories
• The primary basis of accounting for
inventories is cost
• Cost is defined as the sum of all costs of
purchase, costs of conversion, and other
costs incurred in bringing the inventories to
their present location and condition
Methods of Inventory Costing
• Specific Identification
• First-In, First-Out (FIFO)
• Weighted-Average
Methods of Inventory Costing
• Net realizable value:
– The estimated selling price in the ordinary
course of business less the estimated costs of
completion and the estimated costs necessary to
make the sale
– If cost exceeds NRV  a loss is recognized
Rumus Biaya
•
•
•
•
Identifikasi khusus
FIFI
Rata-rata tertimbang
LIFO
– ED PSAK No. 14 (Revisi 2008): LIFO
dihilangkan
Property, Plant, and
Equipment
Definisi
• Aset berwujud yang:
– Dimiliki untuk digunakan dalam produksi atau
penyediaan barang atau jasa, untuk direntalkan
kepada pihak lain, atau untuk tujuan
administratif; dan
– Diharapkan untuk digunakan selama lebih dari
satu periode
Initial Measurement
• All costs required to bring an asset into
working condition should be recorded as
part of the cost of the asset
– Exclude administrative costs
– Interest cost during construction of certain
assets
– Decommissioning costs is included
Cost Subsequent to Purchase or
Self-Construction
• To qualify for capitalization, costs must be
associated with incremental benefits
– Extend useful life
– Increase capacity
– Improve quality of outputs or permits a
reduction in other cost inputs
Depreciation
• Systematic and rational allocation of the
depreciable amount of the asset over the
asset’s expected useful life
• Requires a component approach for
depreciation
– Each material component of a composite asset
with different useful lives or different patterns
of depreciation is accounted for separately
Depreciation Methods
• Straight-line
• Accelerated methods
– Diminishing balance
– Sum-of-the years’ digits
• Units of production
Measurement Subsequent to
Initial Recognition
• Cost model  carried at its cost less any
accumulated depreciation and any
accumulated impairment losses
• Revaluation model  fair value
Revaluation
• Fair value: the amount for which the asset could
be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing
parties in an arm’s-length transaction
– Could use depreciated replacement cost approach
• Revaluation adjustments are to be recognized in
other comprehensive income
– If a revalued asset is subsequently found to be
impaired, the impairment provision is first offset
against the revaluation surplus, and only when that has
been exhausted is it expensed
Illustration
Illustration
Revaluation
• The depreciation should be based on the
new valuation over the number of
remaining years of the asset’s useful life at
the time of the latest valuation
Illustration
Impairment
• At each financial reporting date the
reporting entity should determine whether
there are conditions that would indicate that
impairments may have occurred
• Impairment is the excess of carrying value
over recoverable amount
– Recoverable amount: net selling price and value
in use (greater of these two amounts)
Accounting for Impairments
• Historical cost
– Recognized as charges against current period
profit
• Revaluation
– Treated as the partial reversal of a previous
upward revaluation
• Any excess impairment should be charged to
expense
Illustration
Impairment
• Reversing an impairment loss
– The increased carrying amount of an asset other than
goodwill shall not exceed the carrying amount that
would have been determined (net of amortisation or
depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognised
for the asset in prior years.
– A reversal of an impairment loss for an asset other than
goodwill shall be recognised immediately in profit or
loss, unless the asset is carried at revalued amount
Retirements and Other Disposal
• Both the asset and accumulated depreciation
should be eliminated
• Assets that have been identified for disposal
 classified as “held for sale”
– Measured at the lower of the carrying value or
fair value less cost to sale
• No longer subject to systematic depreciation
Nonmonetary Transaction
• The cost of an item of PPE acquired in
exchange for a similar asset is to be
measured at fair value
Capitalization of Borrowing Costs
• Borrowing costs eligible for capitalization,
directly attributable to the acquisition,
construction or production of a qualifying
asset, are those borrowing costs that would
have been avoided if the expenditure on this
asset has not been made
– Actual borrowing costs less any investment
income on the temporary investment of those
borrowing
Capitalization of Borrowing Costs
• Qualifying assets are those that normally take an
extended period of time to prepare for their
intended uses
• 3 conditions must be made before the
capitalization period should begin:
– Expenditures for the asset are being incurred
– Borrowing costs are being incurred
– Activities that are necessary to prepare the asset for its
intended use are in progress
Perolehan Secara Gabungan
• Perolehan tanah dan prasarana-sarana
secara gabungan, dialokasikan kepada aset
tetap tanah secara proporsional berdasarkan
perbandingan nilai wajar aset tetap tanah
dan aset non tanah
– Apabila harga tanah amat handal  harga tanah
ditentukan lebih dahulu, lalu sisanya menjadi
harga perolehan prasarana dan sarana
Tanah Sumbangan
• Dicatat berdasarkan nilai wajar lokasi
setempat dan diakui sebagai Modal Berasal
dari Sumbangan
Properti Investasi
• Properti Investasi adalah properti (tanah atau
bangunan atau bagian dari suatu bangunan atau
kedua-duanya) yang dikuasai (oleh pemilik atau
lessee/penyewa melalui sewa pembiayaan) untuk
menghasilkan rental atau untuk kenaikan nilai
atau kedua-duanya, dan tidak untuk:
– Digunakan dalam produksi atau penyediaan barang atau
jasa untuk tujuan administratif; atau
– Dijual dalam kegiatan usaha sehari-hari
Pengukuran Setelah
Perolehan Awal
• Model nilai wajar
– Seluruh properti investasi dinilai berdasarkan
nilai wajar
– Laba atau rugi yang timbul dari perubahan nilai
wajar atas properti investasi harus diakui dalam
laporan laba rugi pada periode terjadinya
• Model biaya
– Sesuai PSAK No. 16
Intangible Assets
Definisi
• Aset nonmoneter yang dapat diidentifikasi
dan tidak mempunyai wujud fisik serta
dimiliki untuk digunakan dalam
menghasilkan atau menyerahkan barang
atau jasa, disewakan kepada pihak lainnya,
atau untuk tujuan administratif
Recognition Criteria
• Whether the intangibles asset can be identified
separately from other aspects of the business
enterprise
• Whether the use of the intangible asset is
controlled by the enterprise as a result of its past
actions and events
• Whether future economic benefits can be expected
to flow to the enterprise
• Whether the cost of the asset can be measured
reliably
Measurement of the Cost of
Intangibles
• Acquired separately  analogous to that for
PPE
• Acquired as part of business combination 
fair value as at the date of acquisition
Internally Generated Intangibles
• Goodwill  not recognized as an
intangibles
• Other than goodwill  research activity or
development activity:
– Research  expensed immediately
– Development  capitalized if meets the
recognition criteria
Internally Generated Computer
Software Costs
• Software-developing company  the cost
incurred in the development of software programs
are research and development costs
• Software internally developed for in-house use 
may need to be expensed
• Purchased software:
– Software purchase for sale  inventory
– Held for licensing or rental to others  intangible asset
– Purchased for own use and which is integral to the
hardware part of the cost of the hardware
Subsequent Incurred Costs
• Should be recognized as an expense when
they incurred unless:
– It is probable that those costs will enable the
asset to generate specifically attributable future
economic benefits on excess of its assessed
standard of performance immediately prior to
the incremental expenditure; and
– Those costs can be measured reliably and
attributed to the asset reliably
Measurement Subsequent to
Initial Recognition
• Cost model  carried at its cost less any
accumulated amortisation and any
accumulated impairment losses
• Revaluation model  only for freely
tradable intangible assets
Useful Life
• The accounting for an intangible asset is
based on its useful life.
– An intangible asset with a finite useful life is
amortised and an intangible asset with an
indefinite useful life is not
Useful Life
• The useful life of an intangible asset that
arises from contractual or other legal rights
shall not exceed the period of the
contractual or other legal rights, but may be
shorter depending on the period over which
the entity expects to use the asset.
Periode Amortisasi
• Umumnya tidak akan melebihi 20 tahun
Amortisation
• Amortisation methods include the straightline method, the diminishing balance
method and the unit of production method.
• If it is not possible to identify the pattern in
which the economic benefits are expected to
be utilised by the entity, then the straightline method should be used.
Impairment
• An entity is required to test an intangible
asset with an indefinite useful life for
impairment
Impairment
• Reversing an impairment loss
– The increased carrying amount of an asset other than
goodwill shall not exceed the carrying amount that
would have been determined (net of amortisation or
depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognised
for the asset in prior years.
– A reversal of an impairment loss for an asset other than
goodwill shall be recognised immediately in profit or
loss, unless the asset is carried at revalued amount
Impairment
• An impairment loss recognised for goodwill
shall not be reversed in a subsequent period.
Web Site Development and
Operating Costs
• Represent an internally generated intangible
asset
• Have been likened to “development phase”
costs
Sewa
Definisi
• Sewa adalah suatu perjanjian dimana lessor
memberikan hak kepada lessee untuk
menggunakan suatu aset selama periode
waktu yang disepakati
Klasifikasi Sewa
• Suatu sewa diklasifikasikan sebagai sewa
pembiayaan jika sewa tersebut mengalihkan secara
substansial seluruh risiko dan manfaat yang terkait
dengan kepemilikan aset
• Suatu sewa diklasifikasikan sebagai sewa operasi
jika sewa tidak mengalihkan secara substansial
seluruh risiko dan manfaat yang terkait dengan
kepemilikan aset
Sewa Pembiayaan
• Lessee mengakui sewa pembiayaan sebagai
aset dan kewajiban sebesar nilai wajar aset
sewaan atau sebesar nilai kini dari
pembayaran sewa minimum, jika nilai kini
lebihrendah dari nilai wajar
Penyusutan
• Kebijakan penyusutan untuk aset sewaan harus
konsisten dengan aset yang dimiliki sendiri
• Jika terdapat kepastian yang memadai bahwa
lessee akan mendapatkan hak kepemilikan pada
akhir masa sewa  penyusutan selama umur masa
manfaat aset tersebut
• Jika tidak terdapat kepastian yang memadai bahwa
lessee akan mendapatkan hak kepemilikan pada
akhir masa sewa  disusutkan selama periode
yang lebih pendek antara masa sewa dan umur
manfaat aset sewaan