Colors
RED
 GREEN
 BLUE
 PURPLE
 BROWN

1.
9.
17.
2.
10.
18.
3.
11.
19.
4.
12.
20.
5.
13.
6.
14.
7.
15.
8.
16.
1. RED
9. BLUE
17. GREEN
2. PURPLE
3. GREEN
10. RED
11. BLUE
18. PURPLE
19. BLUE
4. BLUE
5. BROWN
6. GREEN
7. PURPLE
8. BROWN
12. PURPLE 20. RED
13. BROWN
14. RED
15. GREEN
16. BROWN
Social Uses of Stroop
Karylowski, Motes, Curry, & Van Liempd (2002)
Race of Person
Caucasian
“White”
African-american
“Black”
W
Jerry Seinfeld
Oprah Winfrey
B
Rosie O’Donnell
Bill Cosby
Ink
Color
Results
Result: Faster to read ink
color when color and
racial category label
match than when they
mismatch
reaction time (ms)
Karylowski, Motes, Curry, & Van Liempd (2002)
ink color
blue
yellow
green
“Automatic”
~ Reflexes
~ Stroop Effect
~ Size constancy
“Controlled”
~ Calculus
~ Actions on 1st date
~ What you say when you raise
your hand in class
What about...
Breathing?
Driving?
Automatic Effects on Social Judgment
(Kelley, 1950)

Warm/Cold Study




TA read description of guest lecturer
before 2 different classes
4 characteristics same in both classes
1 class - described as WARM - other
class described as COLD
Results

WARM professor rated more favorably
and had more interaction after class
Automatic Effects on Social Judgment
(Srull & Wyer, 1979)
The
classic “Donald” study
Part
1:
Scrambled sentences task; words either related to
hostility (e.g., “he kicked her bit”) or not

Part
2:
Read paragraph about “Donald” and form judgments
about him

I ran into my old acquaintance Donald the other day, and I
decided to go over and visit him, since by coincidence we
took our vacations at the same time. Soon after I arrived, a
salesman knocked at the door, but Donald refused to let
him enter. He also told me that he was refusing to pay his
rent until the landlord repaints his apartment. We talked
for a while, had lunch, and then went out for a ride. We
used my car, since Donald’s car had broken down that
morning, and he told the garage mechanic that he would
have to go somewhere else if he couldn’t fix his car that
same day. We went to the park for about an hour and then
stopped at a hardware store. I was sort of preoccupied,
but Donald bought some gadget, and then I heard him
demand his money back from the sales clerk. I couldn’t
find what I was looking for, so we left and walked a few
blocks to another store.
Results
(Srull & Wyer, 1979)
Donald
rated more hostile
when scrambled sentences
task involved hostile words
than when it didn’t
Effect
seems to happen
without awareness,
intention, or control
Becoming Famous Overnight...
(Jacoby et al., 1989)
Part
1:
Pronounce 40 non-famous names (e.g., Sebastian
Weisdorf)

Part
2:

Test either immediately or 24 hours later

Moderately famous names and non-famous names

Some old and some new non-famous names
“Is
this person famous?”
Results
(Jacoby et al., 1989)
Immediate

Mistakes less common for old non-famous names than new ones
24

test:
hours later:
Mistakes MORE common for old non-famous names than new ones
Automatic Effects on Behavior
(Bargh, Chen, Burrows, 1996, Study 2)
Scrambled
sentences task including either:
John Bargh

Elderly stereotype words (e.g., Florida, wrinkle, old, knits)

Neutral words (e.g., thirsty, clean, private)
Told
that experiment is over
Time
how long it takes subject to walk to elevator
Results
(Bargh, Chen, Burrows, 1996, Study 2)
Seconds
9
8
Neutral Prime
Elderly Prime
7
6
Automatic Effects on Behavior
(Bargh, Chen, Burrows, 1996, Study 3)
Boring
task
Priming
manipulation:
Black or White male faces flashed outside of
awareness (~20 ms) before each trial

Automatic Effects on Behavior
(Bargh, Chen, Burrows, 1996, Study 3)

After 300th trial

I’m sorry, but it looks like you’ll have to do
the experiment over
F1 Error:
Failure saving
data
Results
(Bargh, Chen, Burrows, 1996, Study 3)
Automatic Effects on Behavior
(Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg, 1998)
Stereotypes:
Professors (Study 2)
 Soccer Hooligans (Study 3)

Priming
procedure:
Write about the behavior, lifestyle,
appearance, and attributes of the typical X

Trivia
e.g.,
Quiz: 60 questions
“Who painted La Guernica?” a) Dali, b)
Miro, c) Picasso, d) Velasquez
Results
(Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg, 1998)
65
60
55
None
2 mins
9 mins
50
45
40
35
30
Professor
Soccer Hooligan
Automatic Effects on Goals
(Bargh et al, 2001)
Priming
manipulation:
Word-find
task with words related to

achievement--e.g., win, achieve, compete, attain

neutral--e.g., ranch, shampoo, river, carpet
Scrabble

create as many words as possible out of 8 tiles
Measure

task:
persistence at task
After 2 min. told to stop via intercom
Results
(Bargh et al, 2001)
Proportion
who continued to work after the
experimenter said, “stop” over the intercom
57%
in achievement condition
22% in neutral condition
Observation of the Invisible

The Implicit Association Test is designed to tap
automatic associations between concepts and
attributes (e.g., male:science female:liberal arts)
Implicit Association Test
Implicit Stereotypes
Mahzarin Banaji
"I was taken aback by my inability to make the intended association,
the difficulty in making the counter-stereotypical association
between, say, female and career, or male and home."
“If we are aware of our biases, we can correct for them—as when
driving a car that drifts to the right, we steer left to go where we
intend."
-- Mahzarin Banaji