How Psychology Developed
Psychology Today
Seven Unifying Themes
Personal Application
Cornell University 1891
University of
Toronto 1890
Harvard University 1892
University of
Wisconsin 1888
Stanford
University 1893
Clark University 1889
Wellesley College 1891
University of
Iowa 1890
Brown University 1892
University of
Michigan 1890
University of
Nebraska 1889
Yale University 1892
Columbia University 1890
University of
Kansas 1889
Indiana
University of University 1887
Illinois 1892
University of
Chicago 1893
Princeton University 1893
Trenton State College 1892
University of
Pennsylvania 1887
Founded by students of Williams James
Johns Hopkins
University 1883
Founded by students of G. Stanley Hall
Catholic University 1891
Founded by students of Wilhelm Wundt
Randolf Macon
Women’s College 1893
Founded by Others
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Mary Whiton
Calkins
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Margaret Floy
Washburn
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Leta Stetter
Hollingworth
Sigmund Freud
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
G. Stanley Hall
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Carl Jung
Free Will = Illusion
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Behavioral Perspective (1913 - Present)
John B. Watson
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Ivan Pavlov
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
B.F. Skinner
Psychoanalytic Perspective (1900 - Present)
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Sigmund
Freud
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Humanistic Perspective (1950s - Present)
Abraham Maslow
Carl
Rogers
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Cognitive Perspective (1950s - Present)
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon
Jean Piaget
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Biological Perspective (1950s - Present)
James Olds
Roger Sperry
David Hubel
Torsten Weisel
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Evolutionary Perspective (1980s - Present)
David Buss
Martin Daly
Margo Wilson
Leda Cosmides
John Tooby
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Flagship Articles with Keywords (%)
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
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Cognitive School
Behavioral School
Psychoanalytic School
1950
1956
1962
1968
1974
1980
Year
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
1986
1992
1996
1870
1980s
Early
2000
1941
1945
1920s
1890
1961-1964
1951 -1990s
1971
1913
1881
1875
1933
1904
Increased
Evolutionary
global
interdependence
psychology
Eric
Kandel
wins
Nobel
Prize
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growth
in
clinical
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Roger
Carl
James
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Wundt
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Freud’s
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Pavlov
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how laboratories
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major
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influence.
work
work,
by
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movement
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and
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journal
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interest
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for
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response
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huge
demand
of Psychology.
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publication
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how
cortical
of
cells
respond
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with
his
manifesto,
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that
research
in
psychology.
by
William
James
(at Harvard)
publishes
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Introductory
created,
paving
the1879
way
for
Kenneth
and
Mamie
Clark
Stanley
Milgram
conducts
B.
F.
Skinner
publishes
his
Daniel
Kahneman
wins
Roger
Sperry
The
wins
repressed
Nobel
prize
memories
Eleanor
Maccoby
and
Carol
how
cultural
factors
mold
behavior.
Alfred
Binet
develops
G.
G.
Stanley
Stanley
Hall
Leta
Hall
founds
Hollingworth
establishes
American
publishes
biochemistry
of
memory.
1956
for
clinical
services
created
to
Client-Centered
light
help
rejuvenate
Therapy.
the
biological
controversial
book
psychology
should
study
and
Wilhelm
Wundt
(at
the
Lectures
on
Psychoanalysis.
1988
1950
1916
Stimulus
response
psychology.
Margaret
Washburn
publish
work
on
prejudice that
controversial
study
of
influential
Science
and
Human
Nobel
Prize
(in
economics)
1954
(in
physiology
controversy
and
medicine)
stimulates
Jacklin
publish
their
landmark
first
successful
intelligence
America’s
pioneering
first
Association.
research
work
on
the
byPsychological
World
War
II
and
perspective
in
psychology.
Beyond
Freedom
Wilhelm
Wundt
establishes
only
observable
behavior.
1978
University
of
Leipzig).
1909
The
cognitive
revolution
is writes
publishes
The
Animal
Mind,
is
cited
inwomen.
landmark
1954
obedience
to
authority,
Behavior,
advocating
radical
for
his
research
on
Research
psychologists
Erik
form
Erikson
for
split-brain
influential
studies.
research
by
review
of
research
on
gender
test
in
France.
Lewis
Terman
publishes
1914
1918
laboratory
psychology
in
psychology
of
at
its aftermath.
and
Dignity.Abraham
first
research
laboratory
Maslow’s
Motivation
Late
1990s
launched
watershed
which
serves
aswins
an
impetus
Supreme
Court
decision
which
may be
the
most
behaviorism
similar
toat
Watson’s.
Herbert
Simon
Nobel
decision
making.
American
Psychological
Childhood
Society
and
Society in
Elizabeth
Loftus
and
others
differences,
which
galvanizes
Stanford-Binet
Intelligence
Johns
Hopkins
University.
Sigmund
Freud’s
increasing
in
psychology
at
and
Personality
helps
fuel
Widespread
intelligence
conference
where
Herbert
for
behaviorism.
outlawing
segregation.
famous
single
study
inanand
(in
economics)
for Freud’s
(APS)
tomalleability
serve
as
which
advocate
he extends
on the
research
in
thisprize
area.
Scale,
which
becomes
Martin
Seligman
influence
receives
formal
Leipzig,
Germany.
humanistic
movement.
testing
is
begun
by
military
Simon,
George
Miller,
and
Noam
psychology’s
history.
research
on cognition.
for
the science
ofrecognition
psychology.
theory
of Development
across
fallibility
of
human
memory.
the
world’s
foremost
launches
the
positive
as
G. S. Hall
during
World War
I.
Chomsky
report
three
major
the
life span.
intelligence
test.
psychology
movement.
invites
Freud
to give lectures
advances in just one day.
at Clark University.
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
1880
APA Membership (thousands)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1900
1920
1940
1960
Year
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
1980
2000
4.2%
Elementary and
Secondary Schools
6.3%
Business and Government
8.5%
Other
19.4%
Hospitals and Clinics
28.0%
Colleges and Universities
33.6%
Private Practice
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
9.5%
Physiological
10.3%
Other
3.8%
Psychometrics
10.6%
Health
6.7%
Cognitive
13.7%
Educational
8.2%
Experimental
16.1%
Social
3.0%
Personality
19.3%
Developmental
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
0.5%
Forensic
0.6%
Other
0.9%
Clinical Neuropsychology
5.2%
School
6.1%
Industrial/Organizational
14.7%
Counseling
72.1%
Clinical
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
1
Psychology is Empirical
2
Psychology is Theoretically Diverse
3
Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
4
Behavior is Determined by Multiple Causes
5
Behavior is Shaped by Cultural Heritage
6
Heredity and Environment Jointly Influence Behavior
7
People’s Experience of the World is Highly Subjective
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
Performance of Students
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Successful
Students
Unsuccessful
Students
Always or
Almost Always
in Class
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Sometimes
Absent
Seven Unifying
Themes
Often
Absent
Personal
Application
55.2%
15.5%
Hurts Test
Improves
Score
Test Score
19.0%
Don’t Know
10.3%
57.8%
Wrong
to Right
20.2%
Right
to Wrong
No
Change
How Psychology
Developed
Psychology
Today
Seven Unifying
Themes
Personal
Application
22.0%
Wrong
to Wrong