Overview of body systems
Organizational Levels of the Human Body
1. Cells
A.The basic units of structure and function within
the human body.
B.Though all cells perform the processes that keep
humans alive, they also have specialized functions
as well.
C.Examples may be nerve cells (neurons), blood
cells, and bone cells.
2. Tissues-- A group of specialized cells that
work together to perform the same function.
There are four basic types of tissue in the
human body:
A..
A.Nerve tissue — carries impulses back and forth
to the brain from the body
B.Muscle tissue (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) —
contracts and shortens, making body parts move
C.Epithelial tissue — covers the surfaces of the
body, inside (as lining and/or covering of internal
organs) and outside (as layer of skin)
D.Connective tissue — connects all parts of the
body and provides support (for example
tendons, ligaments, cartilage)
E.Blood, an example of a tissue, is composed of
several types of cells, including red blood cells,
white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that
function to transport materials from one part of
the body to another.
3. Organs--A group of two or more different types of
tissues that work together to perform a specific
function. The task is generally more complex than
that of the tissue.
 For example, the heart is made of muscle and connective tissues
which function to pump blood throughout the body.
•
4. Systems
A. A group of two or more organs that work together to
perform a specific function.
B. Each organ system has its own function but the systems
work together and depend on one another.
C. There are eleven different organ systems in the human body:
circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune,
integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, reproductive,
respiratory, and skeletal.
p. 80D-- draw
and label the
heart
p.5 top HEART WORDS
• Atrium– top sections of heart
• Ventricle– bottom sections of heart
• Septum– wall between right and left sides of
heart. Separates blood with O2 from blood w/o O2.
• Oxygenated– having oxygen
• Red blood cells– carry oxygen using hemoglobin,
red color because of Iron
• White blood cells– fight infection, much larger
than RBC’s
• Platelets– cell fragments that plug holes to prevent
bleeding
p. 5 bottom HEART WORDS
• Plasma– liquid part of the blood
• Double circulation– blood passes through heart
twice (right side lungs left side  body)
• Cardiovascular– dealing with heart and blood
vessels
• Stroke– blood clot in brain causes part of brain to
go w/o oxygen and it dies.
• Heart attack– blood clot in the vessels that feed the
heart and that part of the heart goes w/o oxygen
and dies.
p. 6 top
Words for respiratory system
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inhale– breathe in
Exhale– breathe out
Respiration rate--- # breaths/minute
Inspiration– lungs fill up
Expiration—Lungs empty
Oxygen– gas we need
Carbon dioxide– gas we get rid of
p. 6 bottom
Words for respiratory system
• Lungs– where gas exchange takes place
• Alveoli– small bubbles in lungs that are
wrapped with blood vessels
• Windpipe– air tube that connects back of
mouth and nose to bronchi (tubes into lungs)
• Hard palate– roof of mouth , has ridges
• Soft palate– soft area behind hard palate
2/19 Bell ringer: Use the diagram below to
answer the next 2 questions.
•
A
B
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. What does figure A represent?
a cell
a tissue
an organ
a vein
3. Which figure is an organ?
C
D
.
B..
C..
D..
A.
A
B
C
D
p. 7
Nose
Collects air from the environment and
moistens and heats the air before it enters the
trachea.
Trachea
The windpipe; moves air from the nose to the
lungs.
Bronchi (s)
Bronchus
(p)
Tubes that move air from the trachea to the
lungs; one bronchus leads to each lung; part of each
bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside.
Lungs
The main organs where gases are exchanged
between air and the blood; the alveoli in the
lungs are where the gas exchange takes place.
Diaphragm
The muscle that aids in the breathing process.
p. 115D-- draw and label the
respiratory system organs
p. 8
circulatory
system
Function of the organs
Heart
Causes blood to flow through the body by its pumping
action
Vessels


p. 9
Tubes that carry blood throughout the entire body
Most arteries carry blood that has oxygen and nutrients
to all the parts of the body.
 Most veins carry waste products (for example
carbon dioxide) from all the parts of the body back
to the heart.
 Capillaries are very small vessels where oxygen and
nutrients leave the blood to go into the cells and
carbon dioxide and other waste products enter the
blood from the cells.
Blood
Blood is composed of red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets, and plasma that have
different functions.
p. 10
Mouth
Esophagus
(17 min)
Begins to break down food into smaller pieces
through mechanical digestion; saliva in the
mouth starts the process of chemical
digestion.
The transport tube that carries chewed food to the
stomach.
Stomach
(30 min)
Continues the process of mechanical digestion; and
secretes gastric juices that continue the process of
chemical digestion started in the mouth.
Small
intestines
(20 hours)
The organ where most of the chemical digestion of
food takes place; nutrients from food are also
absorbed through the small intestines.
The organ where water is absorbed from the food
Large
and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the
intestines
remaining undigested food for elimination from the
(1-2 hours)
body.
p. 11
Rectum
and anus
The rectum is a short tube that stores solid
waste until it is eliminated from the body
through the anus.
Liver
A secondary organ of the digestive system that
produces bile, which is used by the body to break
up fat particles.
A secondary organ to the digestive system that
Gallbladder
functions to store bile produced by the liver.
Pancreas
A secondary organ to the digestive system that
functions to produce digestive juices that help to
further break down the food in the small intestine.
p.61D
label the organs
of
the digestive system
p. 12
The excretory system
p. 13
The two kidneys get rid of urea, excess water,
Kidneys and some other waste materials released by the
cells. These are eliminated as urine.
Ureters
Tubes which connect each kidney to the bladder
Bladder
A saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is
released from the body.
Urethra
Tube through which urine passes before it is removed
from the body
p. 14
p. 129D diagram of the urinary/excretory
system
p. 15 The nervous system
Brain
An organ of the central nervous system, which has three
distinct parts that all serve to control and coordinate the
activities of the body.
 The cerebrum controls thoughts, voluntary actions, and
the sensations related to the five senses.
 The cerebellum helps with balance and coordination.
 The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and
controls vital and involuntary processes (for example,
breathing, the beating of the heart, and digestion).
Spinal cord
A bundle of nerves that begins at the brain stem and
continues down the center of the back through the
vertebrae. It connects with the peripheral nerves.
Peripheral
nerves
A network of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord
and connect to the rest of the body and transmit signals
to and from the brain through the spinal cord.
p. 16
p. 183D the diagram of the nervous
system and neuron cell (178D)
Vocabulary terms--10 heart words (80D) p.17
• Heart—muscular organ that pumps blood through body
• Valve-- flap between chambers of heart that prevent the
backflow of blood
• Artery—blood vessels that carry blood away from heart
• Vein—blood vessel that carries blood back to heart
• Capillary—carries blood into tiny vessels then to each cell then
they connect to the veins
• Aorta—largest artery in circulatory system carries blood from
left ventricle to body
• Diffusion—process that molecules (O2 and CO2)move into cells
and RBC’s from lungs or bloodstream
• Blood pressure—the pressure exerted on the walls of the blood
vessels
• Hemoglobin—iron containing protein that holds onto oxygen and
makes up most of RBC’s
• Hypertension—disorder that blood pressure is constantly higher
than normal
p. 18 top Nerve words
• Nerve– fiber that connects sensors in body to
brain and brain to muscles.
• Brain– organs made of nerves that decode
nerve messages and decide what to do.
• Impulses– electrical messages that travel
through the nerves.
• Sense organs– how we gather information
about our surroundings
• Neuron –nerve cell
2/27 quizzes
Bell ringer quiz: number 1-4
3. Which is the correct pathway for
the nutrients in a bite of an apple?
1. Which organs are part of the
A. circulatory system → cell →
circulatory system?
digestive system
A. Lungs, nose, windpipe
B. cell → digestive system →
B. Heart, blood, veins, arteries
circulatory system
C. Mouth, Stomach, small intestine C. digestive system → circulatory
system → cell
2. Your heart, arteries and veins work
together to carry blood to all parts of D. circulatory system → digestive
your body. What is the name of this
system → cell
group of body parts?
a. Organism
4. Which of the following is the correct
b. Organ system
order?
c. Organ
a. Tissueorgancello. s.
d. Tissue
b. O.s.cellorgantissue
c.
d.
Cell tissueorgan o.s.
Organcelltissueo.s.
2/27 Vocab quiz
1. Can contract or
shorten to cause you
to move
2. Covers surfaces of the
body
3. Carries messages or
impulses between
brain and body parts
4. Provides supports and
connects all parts
a.
b.
c.
d.
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
2/26 bell ringer quiz answers
Bell ringer quiz: number 1-4
3. Which is the correct pathway for
the nutrients in a bite of an apple?
1. Which organs are part of the
A. circulatory system → cell →
circulatory system?
digestive system
A. Lungs, nose, windpipe
B. cell → digestive system →
B. Heart, blood, veins, arteries
circulatory system
C. Mouth, Stomach, small intestine C. digestive system → circulatory
system → cell
2. Your heart, arteries and veins work
together to carry blood to all parts of D. circulatory system → digestive
your body. What is the name of this
system → cell
group of body parts?
a. Organism
4. Which of the following is the correct
b. Organ system
order?
c. Organ
a. Tissueorgancello. s.
d. Tissue
b. O.s.cellorgantissue
c.
d.
Cell tissueorgan o.s.
Organcelltissueo.s.
2/27 Vocab quiz answers
1. Can contract or
shorten to cause you
to move
2. Covers surfaces of the
body
3. Carries messages or
impulses between
brain and body parts
4. Provides supports and
connects all parts
a.
b.
c.
d.
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
B
D
A
Booklet quiz
1. The main role of this system
is to provide the gas exchange
between the blood and the
environment. Which body parts
perform this function?
•
7-3.3
2. What is the organ system to
which the brain belongs?
3. Which is the correct pathway
for the nutrients in a bite of an
apple?
A. circulatory system → cell →
digestive system
B. cell → digestive system →
circulatory system
C. digestive system → circulatory
system → cell
D. circulatory system → digestive
system → cell
4. What is the function of the
digestive system?
A.
A.
A.
B.
C.
D.
nose, trachea, lungs
brain, spinal cord, peripheral
nerves
heart, blood vessels, blood
mouth, esophagus, stomach
•
7-3.2
B.
C.
D.
excretory
nervous
digestive
respiratory
B.
C.
•
D.
to break down food material
to move oxygen throughout the
body
to rid the body of waste material
to respond to stimuli
5. What carries oxygen enriched
blood from the heart?
A. capillaries
B. lungs
C. arteries
D. veins
•
7-3.2
6. What carries carbon dioxideenriched blood back to the heart?
A. capillaries
B. lungs
C. arteries
D. veins
•
7-3.2
7. Which organ is responsible for
the constant pumping of blood,
which sends oxygen-enriched
blood to the rest of the body?
A. lung
B. heart
C. brain
D. liver
8. This secondary organ of the
digestive system functions to
store bile produced by the liver.
This organ is the —
A. pancreas.
B. gall bladder.
C. kidney.
D. bladder.
•
7-3.2
9. A sac-like muscular organ
which stores urine until it is
released from the body is the —
A. kidney.
B. pancreas.
C. urethra.
D. bladder.
•
7-3.2
10. The transport tube that
carries chewed food to the
stomach is the —
A.
B.
C.
D.
esophagus.
stomach.
intestine.
mouth.
Booklet quiz answers
1. The main role of this system
is to provide the gas exchange
between the blood and the
environment. Which body parts
perform this function?
•
7-3.3
2. What is the organ system to
which the brain belongs?
3. Which is the correct pathway
for the nutrients in a bite of an
apple?
A. cell → digestive system →
circulatory system
B. circulatory system → cell →
digestive system
C. digestive system → circulatory
system → cell
D. circulatory system → digestive
system → cell
4. What is the function of the
digestive system?
A.
A.
A.
B.
C.
D.
nose, trachea, lungs
brain, spinal cord, peripheral
nerves
heart, blood vessels, blood
mouth, esophagus, stomach
•
7-3.2
B.
C.
D.
excretory
nervous
digestive
respiratory
B.
C.
•
D.
to break down food material
to move oxygen throughout the
body
to rid the body of waste material
to respond to stimuli
5. What carries oxygen enriched
blood from the heart?
A. capillaries
B. lungs
C. arteries
D. veins
•
7-3.2
6. What carries carbon dioxideenriched blood back to the heart?
A. capillaries
B. lungs
C. arteries
D. veins
•
7-3.2
7. Which organ is responsible for
the constant pumping of blood,
which sends oxygen-enriched
blood to the rest of the body?
A. lung
B. heart
C. brain
D. liver
8. This secondary organ of the
digestive system functions to
store bile produced by the liver.
This organ is the —
A. pancreas.
B. gall bladder.
C. kidney.
D. bladder.
•
7-3.2
9. A sac-like muscular organ
which stores urine until it is
released from the body is the —
A. kidney.
B. pancreas.
C. urethra.
D. bladder.
•
7-3.2
10. The transport tube that
carries chewed food to the
stomach is the —
A.
B.
C.
D.
esophagus.
stomach.
intestine.
mouth.
5. What carries oxygen enriched
blood from the heart?
A. capillaries
B. lungs
C. arteries
D. veins
•
7-3.2
6. What carries carbon dioxideenriched blood back to the heart?
A. capillaries
B. lungs
C. arteries
D. veins
•
7-3.2
7. Which organ is responsible for
the constant pumping of blood,
which sends oxygen-enriched
blood to the rest of the body?
A. lung
B. heart
C. brain
D. liver
8. This secondary organ of the
digestive system functions to
store bile produced by the liver.
This organ is the —
A. pancreas.
B. gall bladder.
C. kidney.
D. bladder.
•
7-3.2
9. A sac-like muscular organ
which stores urine until it is
released from the body is the —
A. kidney.
B. pancreas.
C. urethra.
D. bladder.
•
7-3.2
10. The transport tube that
carries chewed food to the
stomach is the —
A.
B.
C.
D.
esophagus.
stomach.
intestine.
mouth.
Bell ringers 3/4/15
Write the questions
and your answer
choice.
1.
1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
A.
i uses
2.
o sil
iglottis
so
asal
agus
A.
rac ea
B.
C.
ro c us
eart
leural
ac
D.
Which number represents the
lungs?
1
2
3
4
Which number represents the
diaphragm?
Bell ringers 3.5.15
Write the questions and your answer
choice.
1. Which number represents
the larynx?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
2. Which number represents
the bronchi?
•
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
3.6.15 Bell ringers quiz
.
1. Which number represents
the larynx?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
4
2. Which number represents
the bronchi?
•
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
3. Which number represents
the lungs?
1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
A.
4. Which number represents
the diaphragm?
i uses
o sil
iglottis
so
asal
A.
agus
rac ea
B.
C.
ro c us D.
eart
leural
ac
1
2
3
4
5. In examining a patient,
the doctor listens to the
patient’s heart to test the
condition of which
system?
A. skeletal
B. Nervous
C. respiratory
D. Circulatory
6. How many loops does
the human circulatory
system contain?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
7. It carries messages or
impulses between brain and
body parts, this is the _____
tissue.
a. Epithelial
b. Nervous
c. Connective
8. ________ tissue provides
support and connects all
parts of the body.
a. Epithelial
b. Nervous
c. Connective
9. Which of the following is
the correct order?
a. Tissueorgancello. s.
b. O.s.cellorgantissue
c. Cell tissueorgan
o.s.
d. Organcelltissueo.s.
10. What are organs made of?
a. Tissue
b. Chromosomes
c. Organ system
d. organelles
Double check answers– circle incorrect
answers
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. A
3/6 Booklet quiz
1. List 4 types of tissue ______, _____, _____, and
______.
2. Muscular organ that pumps blood
3. It can be caused by clots in vessels in heart
Type of tissue
Function of tissue
Connective
4
5
Carries messages
6
Moves blood, food and bones
epithelial
7
Types of vessels
Functions of vessels
8
Carries blood rich with oxygen
vein
9
10
Carries blood to every cell
a. Connects and supports
body parts
b. Covers outer surfaces
c. Muscle
d. nerve
a. Artery
b. Capillaries
c. Carries blood with
little oxygen
1. epithelial, connective, nerve, muscle
2. Heart
3. Heart attack
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10.B
3/16/15 Bell ringer:
2
1
2. Which number points
to a muscle?
A.
B.
C.
3
D.
1
2
3
none of these
1. Which number points
to a bone?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
none of these
3. Which number points
to a joint?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
none of these
p. 20. INTEGUMENTARY system
Layers of the skin Function of the layer
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin, covers the body,
waterproof, layers of dead cells
dermis
Layers of living cells, second layer
from outside, has blood vessels and
nerves
Subcutaneous
Cushions the bones as well as helps
layer( fatty)
maintain the body’s temperature,
stores extra energy in form of fat
Integumentary
system—skin,
hair, and nails
• P. 32 D draw and
label
• What do these
do?
A.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Sebaceous gland
Erector muscles
Sweat gland
Artery
Vein
Nerves
Fat tissue
Hair follicle
What do these do?
A. Sebaceous gland—(oil glands) keep skin moist and hair
sealed
b. Erector muscles—makes hair stand up when cold or
scared
c. Sweat gland—cools the skin
d. Artery– carries each cell food and oxygen
e. Vein— picks up carbon dioxide and waste
f. Nerves– picks up messages like heat/cold, pain, pressure,
etc.
g. Fat tissue– cushions and insulates bones and muscles
h. Hair follicle– where the living part of hair is found
p. 14 bottom Nerve words
• Paralyzed– break in the
nerve pathway, no control
below that break
• Spine –bones that make up
the backbone or spinal
column.
• Spinal cord– thick cord or
rope that runs through the
bones and carries messages.
• Reflex– body responds to
nerve messages without
thinking about it
p. 13D Draw and label the skeletal
system
p. 16
ORGAN
SYSTEM
STRUCTURE
SKELETAL BONES—(beg 300+ adult
206)bones are framework
CARTILAGE—soft rubbery
substance at the ends of
bones, nose and ears
FUNCTION
Support mass of
body, make RBC’s,
Enclose/protect
organs, allow
movement
Ease movement,
give shape, prevent
bones grinding
p.17 Notes on skeleton
1. There are 206 bones in the average human body.
2. Bones are made of layers, with marrow in the
center.
3. The marrow is responsible for making blood cells.
4. The spongy layer of
bone is to add support
without adding a lot of
mass or weight.
5. The skeleton is
designed to provide
structure and support to
the body.
p. 18 muscular system
Types of muscles
function
SKELETAL muscles—attached to
bones
Voluntary
SMOOTH muscles—looks like
ribbons, line blood vessels,
digestive tract, uterus and
vagina
CARDIAC muscle--makes up
heart, combination of smooth
and skeletal
Move bones
Move blood, food, and babies
Involuntary
involuntary
Moves blood
p.19 Notes on muscular system
• There are more than 600 muscles in the body.
• The muscles create most of the heat in the
body.
• The muscles move your body, move things
within your body, and respond to the nerve
messages.
• Muscles move bones (skeletal), blood, food,
and babies (smooth), and pump blood.