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Introduction to Microbiology > Introduction to Microbiology
Introduction to Microbiology
• Defining Microbes
• History of Microbiology: Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and Cohn
• Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
• Koch and Pure Culture
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Introduction to Microbiology > Introduction to Microbiology
Defining Microbes
• While most microbes are unicellular, some multicellular animals and plants are
microscopic and broadly defined as microbes.
• Microbes serve many functions in almost any ecosystem on the Earth, including
decomposition and nitrogen fixation.
• Many microbes are pathogens or parasitic organisms that can harm humans.
A Drawing of Microbes
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Introduction to Microbiology > Introduction to Microbiology
History of Microbiology: Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and Cohn
• Van Leeuwenhoek is largely credited with the discovery of microbes, while Hooke
is credited as the first scientist to describe live processes under a microscope.
• Spallanzani and Pasteur performed several experiments to demonstrate that
microbial life does not arise spontaneously.
• Cohn laid the groundwork for discovering and cataloging microbes, while Koch
conclusively showed that microbes can cause diseases.
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
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Introduction to Microbiology > Introduction to Microbiology
Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
• Before the discovery of microbes, it was widely thought that life, as in the case of
rotting food, arose from nothing. This idea was referred to as spontaneous
generation.
• By sterilizing cultures and keeping them isolated from the open air, Pasteur found
that contamination of the media only occurred upon exposure to the outside
environment, showing that some element was needed to give rise to life. In other
words, life does not arise spontaneously.
• Despite Pasteur's work and the work of others, it still took a better understanding
of germ theory and cell theory to finally displace the concept of spontaneous
generation.
Pasteur's test of spontaneous generation.
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Introduction to Microbiology > Introduction to Microbiology
Koch and Pure Culture
• Koch's research and methods helped link the causal nature of microbes to certain
diseases, such as anthrax.
• As developed by Koch, pure cultures allow the pure isolation of a microbe, which
is vital in understanding how an individual microbe may contribute to a disease.
• According to Koch's postulates, for an organism to be the cause of a disease, it
must be found in all cases of the disease and must be absent from healthy
organisms, as well as maintained in pure culture capable of producing the original
infection.
Robert Koch
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Appendix
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Introduction to Microbiology
Key terms
• abiogenesis The origination of living organisms from lifeless matter; such genesis as does not involve the action of living
parents; spontaneous generation.
• anthrax An infectious bacterial disease of herbivores than can also occur in humans through contact with infected animals,
tissue from infected animals, or high concentrations of anthrax spores.
• classification the act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to
some common relations or attributes.
• ecosystem The interconnectedness of plants, animals, and microbes with each other and their environment.
• germ theory The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that
microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. Although highly controversial when first proposed, germ theory was validated
in the late 19th century and is now a fundamental part of modern medicine and clinical microbiology, leading to such important
innovations as antibiotics and hygienic practices.
• metazoa All those multicellular animals, of the subkingdom Metazoa, that have differentiated tissue.
• pathogenic Able to cause harmful disease.
• symbiote An organism in a partnership with another such that each profits from their being together.
• tuberculosis An infectious disease of humans and animals caused by a species of mycobacterium mainly infecting the lungs
where it causes tubercles characterized by the expectoration of mucus and sputum, fever, weight loss, and chest pain, and
transmitted through inhalation or ingestion of bacteria.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Pasteur's test of spontaneous generation.
By sterilizing a food source and keeping it isolated from the outside, Pasteur observed no putrefaction of the food source (top panel). Upon exposure to
the outside environment, Pasteur observed the putrefaction of the food source (bottom panel). This strongly suggested that the components needed to
create life do not spontaneously arise.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Louis Pasteur.
The famous scientist Louis Pasteur, one of the founders of microbiology.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Robert Koch
An image of Robert Koch, a pioneering microbiologist. Koch's research and methods helped link the causal nature of microbes to certain diseases,
including anthrax.
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Introduction to Microbiology
A Drawing of Microbes
This is a drawing of what Arthur Hill Hassall saw under a microscope in a sample of water taken from the Thames river at two locations. While not
perceptable to the unaided eye, Hassall was actually able to identify many microscopic organisms.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
A drawing of Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, one of the first scientists to use a microscope and identify microbes.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Which of the following does NOT apply to microorganisms?
A) ALL microorganisms are unicellular organisms.
B) Microorganisms are very diverse.
C) Microorganisms participate in the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle.
D) Microorganisms help recycle waste products through decomposition.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Which of the following does NOT apply to microorganisms?
A) ALL microorganisms are unicellular organisms.
B) Microorganisms are very diverse.
C) Microorganisms participate in the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle.
D) Microorganisms help recycle waste products through decomposition.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Able to cause harmful disease.
A) anaphylactic shock
B) chemoautotrophy
C) pathogenic
D) immunogen
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Introduction to Microbiology
Able to cause harmful disease.
A) anaphylactic shock
B) chemoautotrophy
C) pathogenic
D) immunogen
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Introduction to Microbiology
An organism in a partnership with another such that each profits
from their being together.
A) tuberculosis
B) metazoa
C) anthrax
D) symbiote
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Introduction to Microbiology
An organism in a partnership with another such that each profits
from their being together.
A) tuberculosis
B) metazoa
C) anthrax
D) symbiote
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Introduction to Microbiology
Which of the following statements about microbes is false?
Choose one answer.
A) Microbes are parasites, except for eukaryotic microbes.
B) Microbes have genetic material, except for prions.
C) Most microbes are harmless, while others cause disease.
D) All microbes, except viruses, are distributed throughout the three
domains of life.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Which of the following statements about microbes is false?
Choose one answer.
A) Microbes are parasites, except for eukaryotic microbes.
B) Microbes have genetic material, except for prions.
C) Most microbes are harmless, while others cause disease.
D) All microbes, except viruses, are distributed throughout the three
domains of life.
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Introduction to Microbiology
Which of the following is mismatched?
A) Koch: developed a classification of bacteria into groups based on
shape
B) Leeuwenhoek: one of the first to observe microorganisms through the
microscope
C) Spallanzani: discovered that boiling broth will sterilize it by killing any
microorganisms in it
D) Pasteur: developed the germ theory
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Introduction to Microbiology
Which of the following is mismatched?
A) Koch: developed a classification of bacteria into groups based on
shape
B) Leeuwenhoek: one of the first to observe microorganisms through the
microscope
C) Spallanzani: discovered that boiling broth will sterilize it by killing any
microorganisms in it
D) Pasteur: developed the germ theory
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Introduction to Microbiology
Spontaneous generation was a theory defined by:
A) Francesco Redi
B) Robert Hooke
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Aristotle
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Introduction to Microbiology
Spontaneous generation was a theory defined by:
A) Francesco Redi
B) Robert Hooke
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Aristotle
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Introduction to Microbiology
In repeating Pasteur’s grape juice experiment with swan-necked
flasks, one of your samples becomes acidic and turbid by the end
of the incubation period. Which of the following statements best
describes what was done to this sample, if your experimental
results confirm Pasteur’s results? Choose one answer.
A) The sample was heat treated and was then inoculated with bacteria
B) The sample was heat treated and was then inoculated with yeast.
C) This sample was only heat treated.
D) None of the answers
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Introduction to Microbiology
In repeating Pasteur’s grape juice experiment with swan-necked
flasks, one of your samples becomes acidic and turbid by the end
of the incubation period. Which of the following statements best
describes what was done to this sample, if your experimental
results confirm Pasteur’s results? Choose one answer.
A) The sample was heat treated and was then inoculated with bacteria
B) The sample was heat treated and was then inoculated with yeast.
C) This sample was only heat treated.
D) None of the answers
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Introduction to Microbiology
Which was the first bacterium shown to cause human disease?
A) mycobacterium
B) diphtheria
C) streptococcus
D) anthrax
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Introduction to Microbiology
Which was the first bacterium shown to cause human disease?
A) mycobacterium
B) diphtheria
C) streptococcus
D) anthrax
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Introduction to Microbiology
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Koch's postulates." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch%2527s_postulates#Koch.E2.80.99s_postulates_for_the_21st_century
• Wikipedia. "Koch's postulates." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch%2527s_postulates#Koch.E2.80.99s_postulates_for_the_21st_century
• Wiktionary. "anthrax." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthrax
• Wiktionary. "tuberculosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tuberculosis
• Wiktionary. "metazoa." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metazoa
• Wikipedia. "Robert Koch." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch
• Wikipedia. "Microbiological culture." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture#Isolation_of_pure_cultures
• Wikipedia. "Anthrax." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax
• Connexions. "Connexions." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/0a866b1c-8f44-489a-ae8c-6e100ca0ee55@10
• Wikipedia. "Microorganism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism
• Wikipedia. "Microorganism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism
• Wikipedia. "Microbe." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe
• Wikipedia. "Microorganism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism
• Wiktionary. "ecosystem." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecosystem
• Wiktionary. "pathogenic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathogenic
• Wiktionary. "symbiote." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/symbiote
• Wikipedia. "Spontaneous generation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_generation
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Introduction to Microbiology
• Wikipedia. "Spontaneous generation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_generation
• Wikipedia. "Louis Pasteur." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
• Wiktionary. "abiogenesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abiogenesis
• Wikipedia. "germ theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/germ%20theory
• Wikipedia. "Microbes." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbes#Classification_and_structure
• Wiktionary. "classification." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/classification
• Wikipedia. "Microbes." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbes#Classification_and_structure
• Wikipedia. "Ferdinand Cohn." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn
• Wikipedia. "Ferdinand Cohn." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn
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