WELCOME
TRAINING REPORT ON
TELECOMMUNICATION
 SUBMITTED TO,
ECE DEPTT.
 SUBMITTED BY,
PRAKASH KUMAR ARYA
ROLL NO. 1608214
GROUP:- A
BRANCH:- ECE
YEAR:- 3rd Yr.
INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed
in year 2000 and took over the service
providers role from DoT. Today, BSNL has a
customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth
largest integrated telecom operator in the country.
BSNL is the market leader in Broadband,
landline and national transmission network. BSNL
is also the only operator covering over 5
lakh village with telecom connectivity. Area of
operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi &
Mumbai.
INTRODUCTION
 Governments also need to intervene for
ensuring fair competition and the best
value for money for its citizens.
 This handouts gives exposure on the
Telecom Environment in India and also
dwells on the role of international
bodies in standardizing and promoting
Telecom Growth in the world.
Institutional Framework
 It is defined as the systems of formal laws,
regulations, and procedures, and informal
conventions, customs, and norms, that
broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic
activity and behaviour.
 country has been divided into units called
Circles, Metro Districts, Secondary Switching
Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area
(LDCA) and Short Distance Charging Area
(SDCA).
Major changes in Telecommunications in India
 Its began in the 1980s.
 The initial phase of telecom reforms began in
1984 with the creation of Center for
Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for
developing indigenous technologies and
private manufacturing of customer premise
equipment.
 Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam
Limited (VSNL) were set up in 1986.
Major changes in Telecommunications in India
 The Indian telecom sector was setting up of
an independent regulatory body in 1997 –
the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
(TRAI), to assure investors that the sector
would be regulated in a balanced and fair
manner.
 In 2000, DoT corporatized its services wing
and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.
Major changes in Telecommunications in India
 With the TRAI Act of 2000 that aimed at
restoring functional clarity and
improving regulatory quality and a
separate disputes settlement body was
set up called Telecom Disputes
Settlement and Appellate Tribunal
(TDSAT) to fairly adjudicate any dispute
between licensor and licensee, between
service provider, between service
provider and a group of consumers.
Major changes in Telecommunications in India
 In October 2003, Unified Access Service Licenses regime
for basic and cellular services was introduced. This regime
enabled services providers to offer fixed and mobile
services under one license.
 Indian telecom has seen unprecedented customer growth
crossing 600 million connections. India is the fourth largest
telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South
Korea.
 The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the
world and the second largest among emerging economies.
Lesson Plan
 Institutional Mechanism and role & Telecom Eco




system
National DOT, TRAI,TDSAT, TEC,CDOT
International Standardization bodies- ITU,APT,ETSI
etc.
Licensed Telecommunication services of DOT
Various Trade associations, Network Operators,
Manufacturers, service providers, service provisioning
and retailing, billing and OSS Job opportunities in
telecom Market, government and statutory bodies.
TELECOMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION
Computer network
A communications, data exchange, and resourcesharing system created by linking two or more
computers and establishing standards, or
protocols, so that they can work together
Telecommunication system - Enable the
transmission of data over public or private
networks (voice, data, graphics, video…)
TELECOMMUNICATIONS-VOICE
 Voice Communications Require:-
1.
2.
3.
4.
A source device
A switching system
A data channel
A destination device
 The line remains open for the duration of the call
 Requires a dedicated connection
Telecommunications - data
 Data communications – data traffic
 Data traffic on the Internet doubles every 100
days.
 Does not “grab the line” during transmission
 Uses packet switching technology
Ways to describe a network…







Type of traffic (voice or data)
Type of signal (analog or digital)
Type of transmission mode (Simplex…)
Geographic area covered (LAN, WAN...)
Architecture - peer-to-peer, client/server
Physical topology (Bus, Star…)
Protocols - Ethernet, Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Transmission medium (guided or unguided)
Types of Signals
 Analog
 Continuous sine wave over a certain frequency
range


positive voltage = 1
negative voltage = 0
 Digital
 Discrete burst of electric energy


on = 1
off = 0
 Most phone lines use analog signaling
Converting Signals
 Computers can only process digital signals
 If data is transmitted using analog signaling over a
phone line, it must be converted into a digital signal
before the computer can process it……
Converting Signals
Modems
 Modulation - converting digital signals into
analog form
 DEModulation - converting analog signals
back into digital form
Transmission Modes
 Performance can be measured by the mode
of the connection.
 Simplex transmission, messages can be
carried in only one direction.
 Half-duplex, messages can be carried in
both directions just not simultaneously.
 Full-duplex, messages can be carried in
both directions simultaneously.
LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES (protocols)
 Protocol - a standard that specifies the format of
data as well as the rules to be followed during
transmission
 A communication protocol is essentially a set of
codes or conventions used for facilitating
communications between hardware and software.
 Interoperability - the capability of two or more
computer systems to share data and resources,
even though they are made by different
manufacturers
Protocol – how it works
 common set of rules that allow different
components in a network to talk to each other
 handshaking protocol


identify each device
secure attention of other device
 transmission protocol



verify correct receipt of message
send re-transmit message if necessary
recover error and re-transmit
Some Protocols
 Ethernet - a physical and data layer technology for
LAN networking
 IP or Internet Protocol directs packets on the Internet.
 TCP or Transmission control protocol puts the packets
in their correct sequence.
 HTTP or hyper text transfer protocol is used to
transmit web pages over the Internet.
 Mobile IP provides IP routing for mobile devices.
 Voice over IP (VoIP) - uses TCP/IP technology to
transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines
TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING DEVICES
THE HARDWARE:
 Network adapters
 Modems
 Repeaters
 Wiring concentrators, hubs, and switches
 Bridges, routers, and gateways
 Microwave transmitters
 Infrared and laser transmitters
 Cellular transmitters
 Wireless LAN transmitters
NETWORKING BASICS
 Bandwidth - indicates how much
information can be carried in a given time
period (usually a second) over a wired or
wireless communications link.
 Measured in megabits per second
cdma2000
Radio Access Network
Outline
 cdma2000 network architecture
 Call processing states and call flows
 CDMA evolution
 Essential elements in a CDMA system
 Power Control
 Mobility management
 Handoffs
 Registration
 Roaming
Network Architecture
Packet
Network
PSTN
PDSN
MSC
BSC
Ericsson
UCSD
Black
Mountain
A CDMA Network architecture consists
of the following components:
•Mobile station
•Radio Base Station (RBS)
•Base Station Controller (BSC)
•Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
•Public Switch Telephone Network
•PDSN as an IP Gateway
Call Processing - Pilot
First MS monitors Pilot channel for
 Initial acquisition
 Channel estimation
 Detection of multipaths for rake receiver
 Handoffs
Pilot Ch
Call Processing - Sync
Pilot channel is transmitted at all times by the base
station. MS uses it to lock to Synch Channel to
 Synchronize to CDMA system time
 Obtain configuration parameters such as
 Protocol Revision (P-REV)
 Network Identifier (NID)
 Pilot PN offset
Long-code state
 Paging channel
data rate
Sync Ch
Call Processing - Paging
MS decodes the Paging Channel with the
information received from the Sync Channel.
Paging channel provides
 Overhead messages: systems parameter, access
parameter, neighbor list, channel list
 Mobile directed messages: page request, SMS
Paging Ch
Call Processing – Access
MS uses Access channel to originate a call or to
respond to a page request.
Access Channel is used in a random access
fashion.
Access Ch
Call Processing - Traffic
 Base station assigns a forward and reverse
traffic channel to the mobile when it is in
conversation
 Traffic Channel conveys signaling and traffic
information
 When MS is on traffic channel it no longer
listens to paging channel or uses the access
channel
Mobile Station States
Power Up
Call origination
or page response
Synchronization
Initialization
State
Paging Loss
Idle
State
Access
State
Page response completed
End of call
Traffic
State
Initialization:
•Acquire pilot channel of the selected CDMA
system within 20 secs (not standardized)
•Process synch channel for synchronization
(long code and CDMA timing)
Idle:
•Monitor paging channel for overhead and
mobile directed messages
•Move to access state to originate a call or
respond to a page request
Access:
•MS sends messages to the base station and gets
responses in the paging channel
•This can be a call origination or a page response
Traffic:
•MS communicates with the base station using
forward and reverse traffic channels
•Paging and access channels are no longer
monitored
•Alert with info is used for order message
Mobile Originated Voice Call Flow
Access Ch.
MSC
BSC
Overhead Info
MS
Paging Ch.
Origination Msg
Paging Ch.
BS Ack Order
CM Service Request
Fwd Traffic
Ch.
Paging Ch.
Rev Traffic Ch.
Null Frames
SCCP Connection Cfm
Channel Assign Msg
Preamble
Fwd Traffic
BS Ack Order
Ch.
Rev Traffic Ch. MS Ack Order
Fwd Traffic Ch.
Assignment Request
Service Connect
Rev Traffic Ch. Service Conn Cmplt
Assignment Complete
CDMA Evolution (1/3)
 IS-95A (2G)
 First CDMA protocol, published in May’99
 14.4/9.6 kbps circuit/packet data
 IS-95B (2.5G)
 Most analog information is removed
 Some technical corrections
 New Capabilities, such as higher data rate
 64 kbps packet data
CDMA Evolution (2/3)
 CDMA2000 1X
 High speed data (144 kbps packet data
with Mobile IP)
 Coding (Turbo) and Modulation (Hybrid
QPSK)
 New dedicated and common channels
 Enhanced Power Control
 Reverse link detection
 Forward link modulation
CDMA Evolution (3/3)
 1X EV-DO (1xRTT Evolution for high-speed
integrated Data Only)
 The objective is to provide the largest practical
number of users to run high-speed packet data
applications
 2.4 Mbps packet data
 1X EV-DV (1xRTT Evolution for high-speed
integrated Data and Voice)
 Voice and High Speed Data mixed on one carrier
 Backward-compatible with CDMA2000 1X
 3.1 Mbps packet data
Multiple Access Methods
Dedicated band during entire call
Each user transmits at the same time,
at the same frequency with a unique
code
Certain frequency, time-slotted
Frequency Re-use Patterns
B
G
C
A
F
B
G
D
E
A
E
A
F
FDMA and TDMA vs.
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
CDMA
A
A
Channelization
 Channelization is provided by orthogonal
Walsh codes
 cdma2000 uses variable length Walsh codes
for supplemental channel data services
 Walsh codes can be of length 8, 16, 32, 64,
and 128
Walsh Codes
 Walsh codes are orthogonal to each other
 The shorter the code the higher the data rate
since the chip rate is kept constant
1
10
1001
11
1010
1100
1111
Use of Multipath sin CDMA Systems
 FDMA/TDMA (narrow-band)
 multipath hurts
 equalizers are used to cancel multipath
 CDMA (wide-band)
 can discriminate between the multipath
arrivals
 Rake receivers are used to combine
multipath signals to reduce error rate at the
receiver
Power Control – Algorithm
 Capacity is maximized
 By having each user transmitting just sufficient
SNR to maintain a target FER
 Open Loop Estimate
 Initial transmit power level for the mobile is
determined by the received pilot strength
 Closed Loop Power Control
 Base station controls the power level on the
mobile by the received quality information.
Mobility management
A CDMA system provides mobility:
 Handoff – continuity of the service across
adjacent cells
 Registration – locating the mobile user
 Roaming – continuity of the service across
different service providers
Handoff
 Handoffs between cells are supported while
the mobile is in traffic or idle
 MS continuously keeps searching for new
cells as it moves across the network
 MS maintains active set, neighbor set, and
remaining set as well as candidate set
 There are 4 types of handoffs:
 Idle Handoff
 Access Handoff
 Soft/Softer Handoff
 Hard Handoff
Soft Handoff
Black
Mountain
Both cells have the
same frequency
PDSN
MSC
BSC
Ericsson
UCSD
Soft Handoff
 Make-before-break
 Both cells are at the same frequency
 Reduces number of call drops
 Increases the overall capacity
 Mobile transmit power is reduced
 Voice quality near the cell boundaries are
improved
 MS reports the SNR of the candidate sets
Hard Handoff
 Break-before-make
 Handoff between
different frequencies,
non-synchronized or
disjoint cells which
are controlled by
different BSCs
Registration
 It is sufficient to know the
cell or the region that a
MS is active for routing
purposes
 Mobile station identifier,
desired paging slot cycle,
and registration type is
conveyed
 Cell/LAC based paging is
preferred to flood paging
Registration Types
 Autonomous Registration: power-up,
power-down, timer-based, distance-based,
zone-based registration.
 Parameter-change registration
 Ordered registration
 Implicit registration
 Traffic channel registration
Roaming
 Users that are outside their home area can
receive service from another system by
paying some additional charges
 Mobile station can be:
 Home state (not roaming)
 Network roaming
 System roaming
Network 2
Network 1
System
Network 3
Fibre used in Telecom & Their
Characteristics
Brief History
 In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell patented an optical
telephone system, which he called the Photophone.
 By 1970 Corning Glass invented fiber-optic wire or
"optical waveguide fibers" which was capable of
carrying 65,000 times more information than copper
wire.
 Prof. Kao was awarded half of the 2009 Nobel Prize in
Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning
the transmission of light in fibers for optical
communication".
 Today more than 80 percent of the world's longdistance voice and data traffic is carried over opticalfiber cables
Fiber-Optic Applications
 FIBRE OPTICS: The use and demand for optical
fiber has grown tremendously and optical-fiber
applications are numerous
 Telecommunication applications are widespread,
ranging from global networks to desktop
computers.
 These involve the transmission of voice, data, or
video over distances of less than a meter to
hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few
standard fiber designs in one of several cable
designs
ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS
 SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up
into the gigabits
 BANDWIDTH: Large carrying capacity
 DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without
needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened.
 RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic
noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.
 MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to
maintain.
Fiber Optic System
 Information is Encoded into Electrical Signals.
 Electrical Signals are Converted into light Signals.
 Light Travels Down the Fiber.
 A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical
Signals.
 Electrical Signals are Decoded into Information.
 Inexpensive light sources available.
 Repeater spacing increases along with operating speeds
because low loss
 Fibres are used at high data rates.
Principle of Operation - Theory
 Total Internal Reflection
 The Reflection that Occurs when a Light Ray Travelling in




One Material Hits a Different Material and Reflects Back
into the Original Material without any Loss of Light
Speed of light is actually the velocity of electromagnetic
energy in vacuum such as space.
Light travels at slower velocities in other materials such as
glass.
Light travelling from one material to another changes speed,
which results in light changing its direction of travel.
This deflection of light is called Refraction
Angle of incidence
ø1
ø1
n1
n2
ø2
Light is bent away
from normal
n1
n2
ø1
ø2
Light does not enter
second material
n1
n2
Angle of
reflection
ø2
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH FIBRE
 The optical fibre has two concentric layers called the core





and the cladding.
The inner core is the light carrying part.
The surrounding cladding provides the difference
refractive index that allows total internal reflection of light
through the core.
The index of the cladding is less than 1%, lower than that
of the core.
Most fibres have an additional coating around the cladding.
This buffer coating is a shock absorber and has no optical
properties affecting the propagation of light within the
fibre.
Specific characteristics of light depends
on
 The size of the fibre.
 The composition of the fibre.
 The light injected into the fibre.
Jacket
Jacket
Cladding
Core
Cladding (n2)
Core (n2)
Cladding
Jacket
Light at less than Angle of Angle of
critical angle is
incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection
Diameters of the core and cladding
125 8
125 50
Core
125 62.5
Cladding
Typical Core and Cladding Diameters
125 100
FIBRE TYPES
 Step Index
 Graded Index
 By this classification there are three types of fibres
:
 Multimode Step Index fibre (Step Index fibre)
 Multimode graded Index fibre (Graded Index
fibre)
 Single- Mode Step Index fibre (Single Mode
Fibre)
STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER
 large core, up to 100 microns in diameter.
 As a result, some of the light rays that make up the
digital pulse may travel a direct route, whereas
others zigzag as they bounce off the cladding.
 These alternative pathways cause the different
groupings of light rays, referred to as modes, to
arrive separately at a receiving point.
 The pulse, an aggregate of different modes, begins
to spread out, losing its well-defined shape.
GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER
 Contains a core in which the refractive index
diminishes gradually from the center axis out
toward the cladding.
 The higher refractive index at the center makes the
light rays moving down the axis advance more
slowly than those near the cladding
 Also, rather than zigzagging off the cladding, light
in the core curves helically because of the graded
index, reducing its travel distance.
GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER
 The shortened path and the higher speed allow
light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at
about the same time as the slow but straight rays
in the core axis.
 The result: a digital pulse suffers less dispersion.
SINGLE-MODE FIBER
 has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and the
index of refraction between the core and the
cladding changes less than it does for multimode
fibers.
 Light thus travels parallel to the axis, creating little
pulse dispersion.
 Telephone and cable television networks install
millions of kilometers of this fiber every year
OPTICAL FIBRE PARAMETERS
 Wavelength.
 Frequency.
 Window.
 Attenuation.
 Dispersion.
 Bandwidth
Cable Components
Component
Buffer
Function
Protect fibre From
Material
Nylon, Mylar, Plastic
Outside
Facilitate Stranding
Central Member
Temperature Stability
Steel, Fibreglass
Anti-Buckling
Primary Strength Member
Tensile Strength
Aramid Yarn, Steel
Contain and Protect
Cable Jacket
Cable Core
PE, PUR, PVC, Teflon
Abrasion Resistance
Cable Filling
Prevent Moisture
Water Blocking
INTRODUCTION
TO
BROADBAND SERVICES
Overview
 Broadband service in growth of GDP and
enhancement in quality of life through
societal applications including
 tele-education
 tele-medicine,
e-governance,
 entertainment
employment generation
by way of high speed access to information
and web-based communication,
Overview
 Broadband refers to greater bandwidth-or
transmission capacity of a medium
 Broadband technology will allow for high-speed
transmission of voice, video, and data over
networks like the Internet
 Currently, high speed Internet access is available
from 64 kbps onwards and an always-on high
speed Internet access at 128 kbps is considered as
‘Broadband’ ; There are no uniform standards for
Broadband connectivity and various countries
follow various standards.
“Broadband” Is...
 High Speed
 Megabits: Millions of bits per second
 … at least in one direction
 Always on
 Continuous connection to the outside world
 Bidirectional
 High speed from the home as well as to the home
 Can “see” the home from the outside
BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY:DEFINITION
 ‘An ‘always-on’ data connection that
is able to support interactive services
including Internet access and has
the capability of the minimum
download speed of 256 kbps to an
individual subscriber from the Point
Of Presence (POP).
Broadband
Different technologies
Narrowband
2.4 kbps – 128kbps
Broadband
256kbps – 8000kbps
LAN
1000kbps – 100Mbps / Giga Ethernet
NETWORK EVOLUTION - VOICE+ DATA + TV & VIDEO
Broadcast TV
Head-end
ISP NOC
B-RAS
Encoders
OSS/BSS
ISP Infrastructure
`
Internet
TV & VoD
RAS
 POTS/Paypho
ne
 ISDN BRI
 E1 leased
lines
Class 5
LE
LE
 TV & VOD
STB
High-Speed
Internet
Wi-Fi
IP
DSLAM
 ADSL access
 SHDSL
access
Central
Video
Servers
Edge Video
Servers
GE
DLC
DLC
Cu
OSP
GE L2 Ring
IP-DSLAM
RSU
IPDSLAM
Edge Video
Servers
IP-DSLAM
xDSL
CP
Home
Gateway
E
Voice
+ Video Phone
Dial-up Internet
BROADBAND APPLICATIONS
1. Personal Services
High Speed Internet Access
Multimedia
2. Govts. Public services
E-governance
E-education
Tele-medicine
3. Commercial services
E-commerce
Corporate Internet
Videoconferencing
(256 Kbps and above)
4. Video & Entertainment
services
Broadcast TV
Video on Demand
Interactive gaming
Music on Demand
Online Radio
BROADBAND APPLICATIONS
VARIOUS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES
 DSL on copper loop
 Optical Fiber Technologies
 Cable TV Network
 Satellite Media
 Terrestrial Wireless
 Future Technologies
Wireline Broadband Access Technologies
 In the domain of wide area network access,
there are numerous wireline technology
options that are presently competing for
market share and acceptance
 These technology options originate from
both the WAN and LAN environments and
include e.g. ISDN, ATM, switched Ethernet
Frame Relay, several technologies for data
transmission over coaxial (CATV) cable,
and the family of Digital Subscriber Line
technologies.
Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop
 DSL has proved to be an important technology for
provisioning of Broadband services through the
copper loop. The owners of copper loop have to be
given a high priority because their role is critical as
key drivers in the Broadband service market using
DSL.
 BSNL and MTNL as well as other access providers
are expected to aggressively use their copper loop
infrastructure for providing Broadband services
through this technology
OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGIES
 It provides nearly unlimited bandwidth potential
and is steadily replacing copper network specially
in intra-city backbone networks. This is being
deployed in commercial buildings and complexes
and some metros / big cities having high-density
potential broadband subscribers.
 The fiber based models are future proof as they are
able to provide huge amounts of bandwidth in the
last mile as well as provide a true IP and converged
network that can deliver high quality voice, data
and video
Cable TV Network
 Cable TV network can be used as franchisee
network of the service provider for provisioning
Broadband services.
 The cable network was designed to deliver TV
signals in one direction from the Head-End to
the subscribers homes
 Operators had to upgrade the cable network so
that signals could flow in both directions
 One spectrum is used for the signals that move
from the Head-End towards the cable subscriber
Cable TV Network
GSM Architecture
Network Components
 Switching System(SS)
 Base Station System(BSS)
OSS
HLR
B
T
S
PSTN
ISDN
B
T
S
BSC
BSC
MSC VLR
A Interface
B
T
S
Air interface
(
A-bis interface
MSC VLR
Data
Networks
ERICSSON’S GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Switching System
MIN
SDP
EIR
AUC
HLR
ILR
SCF
BGW
Other PLMNsz
Public Data
Networks
MSC/VLR
PSTN
ISDN
GMSC
DTI
MC
(MXE)
SOG
SSF
OSS
Base Station System
TRC
BSC
RBS
Network Structure
LOCATION AREA
A LA is defined as a group of cells. Within
the network, a subscriber’s location is
known by the LA which they are in.
The identity of the LA in which an MS is
currently located is stored in the VLR.
(LAI)
Network Structure
 MSC Service Area
An MSC Service Area is made up
of LAs and represents the
geographical part of the network
controlled by one MSC.
MSC Service Area
LA2
LA1
VLR
MSC
LA4
LA5
LA3
LA6
Network Structure
 PLMN SERVICE AREA
A PLMN service area is the entire set
of cells served by one network
operator
and is defined as the area in which an
operator offers radio coverage and
access to its network.
Network Structure
 GSM SERVICE AREA
The GSM service area is the entire
geographical area in which a
subscriber can gain access to a
GSM network.
Relation between areas in GSM
Location
CellArea
Location Area
MSC Service Area
PLMN Service Area
GSM Service
Area
Mobile Station
GSM MSs consist of:
• Mobile Equipment
• Subscriber Identity Module
Functions of Mobile Station
 Voice and data transmission& receipt
 Frequency and time synchronization
 Monitoring of power and signal
quality of the surrounding cells
 Provision of location updates even
during inactive state
Functions of Mobile Station
 Voice and data transmission& receipt
 Frequency and time synchronization
 Monitoring of power and signal
quality of the surrounding cells
 Provision of location updates even
during inactive state
SIM
Fixed data stored for the subscription:
 IMSI,
 Authentication Key, Ki
 Security Algorithms:kc,A3,A8
 PIN&PUK
SIM
•Temporary network data:
Location area of subscriber and
forbidden PLMNs
•Service data:
language preference, advice of
charge
KEY TERMS
An MS can have one of the following states :
 Idle: the MS is ON but a call is not in progress.
 Active: the MS is ON and a call is in
progress.
 Detached: the MS is OFF.
Network Identities
 MSISDN
 IMSI
 TMSI
 MSRN
 IMEI
MSISDN
 Mobile Station ISDN Number
 The MSISDN is registered in the telephone
directory and used by the calling party for dialing.
 MSISDN shall not exceed 15 digits.
 NDC--National Destination Code
 SN--Subscriber Number
1 to 3 digits
Variable
Variable
CC
NDC
MSISDN : not more than 15 digits
SN
IMSI
 International mobile subscriber Identity
 The IMSI is an unique identity which
is used internationally and used
within the network to identify the
mobile subscribers.
 The IMSI is stored in the subscriber
identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR
database.
IMSI
3 digits
3 digits
MCC
Not more than 9 digits
MNC
MSIN
NMSI
IMSI : Max. 15 digits
MCC--Mobile Country Code, MNC--Mobile N/W Code,
MSIN--Mobile Station Identification Number
NMSI--National Mobile Station Identity, assigned by
Individual Administration.
Mobile station Identification Number. It identifies the
subs. In a PLMN. First 3 digit identifies the Logical HLRid of Mobile subs.
IMEI
 International Mobile Equipment
Identity
 The IMEI is an unique code allocated
to each mobile equipment. It is
checked in the EIR.
 IMEI check List



White List
Grey List
Black List
GSM Applications
 Mobile telephony
 GSM-R
 Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
 Value Added Services
Future Of GSM
 2nd Generation

GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
 2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)

HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)

Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)

Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
 EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
 Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
 3 Generation
 WCDMA (Wide band CDMA)


Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps
THANKS !