Name: _______________________________
World History and Geography II
SOL Review Packet
Broad Run High School
Social Science Department
1. What was the Renaissance?
The Rebirth of art and learning
2. Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
Italy was very rich—rich popes and merchants became patrons to the arts
3. Why did the Renaissance spread to Northern Europe?
People wanted a way to fix their problems from wars and the Bubonic Plague, important cities, bankers
4. Who was Michelangelo?
Renaissance artist-David and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
5. Who were the Medici?
A wealthy Italian merchant family
6. Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
Renaissance artist-Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
7. Who was Shakespeare?
Renaissance author
8. What is humanism?
Study of human potential and achievement
9. Who was Erasmus?
Dutch Humanist author- wrote Praise of Folly
10. Describe the major trade routes that linked Europe with Asia and Africa.
Silk Road, Maritime (water) routes, Trans-Saharan
11. What was the Silk Road?
Roads that connected Asia with the Mediterranean Sea
12. What important trade items were offered by the Chinese?
Tea, porcelain, silk, paper
13. Who invented the printing press and why was it so important?
Johannes Gutenberg-it spread literacy and the ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation
14. What conflicts challenged the authority of the Church in Rome?
Usury, the church’s misuse of power, church corruption, the nobility in Italy and Germany resented the
pope, merchant wealth
15. Why was Martin Luther so significant to the Reformation?
He posted the 95 theses and started the Reformation—salvation by faith alone
16. Who was John Calvin?
Created Calvinism. Predestination and a strong work ethic
17. Who was Henry VIII? What was he known for?
King of England, known for splitting away from the Catholic Church because the Pope wouldn’t give
him a divorce, began the Anglican Church
18. Who was Elizabeth I? What was she known for?
Daughter of Henry VIII, she was known for making Anglicanism the official religion of England and
defeating the Spanish Armada
19. Describe the Reformation in Germany.
The Northern German Princes converted to Protestantism
20. Who were the Hapsburgs?
German Catholic family
21. What was the Thirty Years War?
A conflict between the German Protestants and the German Catholics over religion, territory and for
power
22. How did the Anglican Church come into existence?
Queen Elizabeth I made it the official English religion
23. Who were the Huguenots?
French protestants
24. What was the Edict of Nantes?
Huguenots were given the freedom to worship
25. Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
A French cardinal who changed the 30 Years War from Religious to Political
26. Before Martin Luther, there was ____John Hus_____ and __John Wycliffe___________ who called
for reforms in the Catholic Church.
27. What was the Counter Reformation?
A series of reforms (fixes) made by the Catholic Church
28. What was the Council of Trent?
A meeting of the church that tried to fix the problems and reaffirmed the Catholic rules.
29. Who were the Jesuits?
(Society of Jesus) Priests who educated people about Catholicism and conducting missionary work
30. What was the Inquisition?
A court established to reinforce Catholic doctrine through punishment and torture
31. What factors contributed to the European discovery of land in the Western Hemisphere?
A need for gold, spices, and natural resources; support for spreading Christianity; political and economic
competition between European Empires; innovations in navigational arts
32. Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
A Prince of Portugal who founded a school for navigation that helped start exploration
33. Who was Vasco da Gama?
Portuguese explorer who found a route to India
34. Who was Christopher Columbus?
Explorer for Spain who sailed to the Americas
35. Who was Hernando Cortez?
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
36. Who was Francisco Pizarro?
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas
37. Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
Spanish explorer known for circumnavigating the world
38. Who was Sir Francis Drake?
First British man to sail around the world
39. Who was Jacques Cartier?
French explorer who discovered Canada
40. How did Christianity spread to the “New World?”
The Europeans forced it upon the native populations, missionaries
41. What led to the demise of the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas?
They were conquered by Spanish conquistadors; disease
42. Describe the rigid class system in Latin America.
It was similar to Europe, with Europeans on top, and slaves on the bottom. Mining and farming,
encomiendas
43. What is a colony?
A land controlled by a distant nation
44. What was the Middle Passage?
Trip to the Americas for slaves from Africa—middle leg of Triangular Trade
45. Why did Europeans turn to Africa for slaves?
Africans had built up immunity to disease, had farming experience, and had little knowledge of America
so it was harder for them to run away
46. What was the Columbian Exchange?
Exchange of goods between the Americas, Africa, and Europe
47. Where was the Ottoman Empire located?
Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), spread to North Africa, parts of Europe, and the Middle East
48. What is the importance of the Ottoman Empire? (what contributions did they make?)
Istanbul established, used Islam to unify the empire, traded coffee and ceramics
49. Where was the Mughal Empire located?
Northern India
50. What is the importance of the Mughal Empire? (what contributions did they make?)
Spread Islam into India, built the Taj Mahal, Indian textiles influenced the British
51. What did Southern India trade?
Silks, gems, spices
52. Describe the class system in Japan (shogunate).
Weak emperors were ruled by military leaders (shoguns)
53. Why did the Japanese and Chinese stay relatively isolated from Europe?
They wanted to limit outside (foreign) influences
54. What is mercantilism?
An economic policy where a countries’ power depends on its wealth. Increased by obtaining large
amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they buy
55. What is the Commercial Revolution?
The expansion of trade and business based on trade, credit and banking, and colonies, that transformed
European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries
56. Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
Creator of the heliocentric theory
57. Who was Johannes Kepler?
Discovered the laws of planetary motion
58. Who was Galileo Galilei?
Supporter of the heliocentric theory
59. Who was Isaac Newton?
Discovered the laws of gravity
60. Who was William Harvey?
Discoverer of blood circulation
61. What was the Scientific Revolution?
A new way of thinking in Europe based on careful observation, a willingness to question widely held
beliefs, and reason
62. What is absolutism and divine right?
Ruling without limits and controlling all aspects of scoiety. DR: god gives kings the right to rule
63. Who was the Sun King?
Louis XIV—King of France who built the palace at Versailles
64. Who was Louis XVI?
Grandson of Louis IV—King of France during the French Revolution
65. Who was Frederick the Great?
King of Prussia—focused society on the military
66. Who was Peter the Great?
King of Russia—focused on westernizing his country, built St Petersburg
67. How did the English Civil War promote the rights of Englishmen?
Parliament vs. the King, created a limited monarchy
68. How did the Glorious Revolution promote the rights of Englishmen?
The GR increased parliamentary power over royal power, and it led to the creation of the English Bill of
Rights
69. Who was Oliver Cromwell?
The leader of the Puritans in the English Civil War. Executed Charles I and ruled as a military dictator
70. What was the Restoration?
Charles II restored to the throne in England
71. What was the English Bill of Rights of 1689?
Established the limits on the English monarchy.
72. What was the Enlightenment?
An intellectual movement in which thinkers tried to apply reason and the scientific method to society
73. Who was Thomas Hobbes?
Wrote Leviathan—Humans are evil and primitive and consent to government for self-protection. Likes
absolute monarchies
74. Who was John Locke?
Wrote Two Treatisies on Government—People have the power in government. They also have natural
rights to life, liberty, and property.
75. Who was Montesquieu?
Wrote The Spirit of Laws—separation of powers in government
76. Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
Wrote The Social Contract—Government is a contract between the rulers and the people
77. Who was Voltaire?
Enlightenment thinker—religious tolerance should be the rule; separation of church and state
78. How did the Enlightenment influence Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence?
TJ used Enlightenment ideas in the Declaration of Independence—life, liberty, and property
79. How did the Enlightenment influence the US Constitution and Bill of Rights?
Those documents used Enlightenment ideas such as religious freedom, separation of powers, and
government as a social contract
80. What were the causes of the French Revolution?
The Old Regime, Enlightenment ideas, influence of the American Revolution
77. What was the Reign of Terror?
The period in French history when the government was led by Maximillian Robespierre who, executed
anyone who spoke against him
80. Describe the colonial system (government, religion, economy).
The colonial system was a mirror of the mother country in terms of government and religion. Their
economy existed to help the mother country.
81. Describe the class structure in the colonial system.
Peninsulars (men born in Spain)Creoles (Spainards born in USA)Mestizos
(European/Indian)Mulattos (European/African)
82. What two events influenced revolutions in Central and South America?
The American and French Revolutions
83. What countries gained their independence in the 1800s?
Haiti, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil
84. Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture?
Leader of a slave revolt in Haiti
85. Who was Simon Bolivar?
The general who led the revolution in Venezuela
86. What was the Monroe Doctrine?
Written in 1823—American document that told European countries to stay out of the Americas
87. Who was Johann Sebastian Bach?
A baroque composer
88. Who was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
A classical composer
89. Who was Eugene Delacroix?
A Romantic artist
90. Who was Voltaire?
See number 77
91. Who was Miguel de Cervantes?
Europe’s first novelist—wrote Don Quixote
92. Who was Napoleon?
The Emperor of France after the French Revolution. Known for the Napoleonic Code
93. What was the Napoleonic Code?
A unifed code of law for all men; supported the idea of giving up personal rights for the good of the
nation
94. What happened at the Congress of Vienna?
Restored Kings to power, redrew the map of Europe, and established a balance of power among
European nations
95. What is the balance of power doctrine?
The idea of not allowing any one country to be more powerful than another
96. What is liberalism?
The idea of wanting a government based on a constitution
97. What is conservatism?
The idea of wanting governments to return to absolute monarchies
98. What was the significance of the Revolutions of 1848?
The revolutions signify an increase in nationalistic tensions
99. Who was Count Cavour?
Unified northern Italy
100. Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
The leader responsible for uniting southern Italy
101. How was Italy unified?
Garibaldi gave southern Italy to Cavour, and the Papal States joined last, uniting the nation.
102. How was Germany unified?
Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of GE through war and by appealing to nationalistic
feelings
103. Who was Otto von Bismarck?
The leader of Prussia who followed Realpolitik and who was known for uniting Germany
104. What was Realpolitik?
A philosophy that justifies all means to preserve power
105. What is the significance of the Franco-Prussian War?
Germany unified
106. What is the Agricultural Revolution?
New designs in farm tools and technology led to an increase in food
107. What is the Industrial Revolution?
The shift (beginning in England) from making goods by hand to making goods by machine
108. What is the enclosure movement?
The practice of hedging in fields in order to make larger and more productive fields
109. What raw materials were important to industrialization?
Water, iron ore, coal, steel
110. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
England had the right raw materials, rivers for inland transportation, harbors for ocean trade
111. Who was James Watt?
Creator of the steam engine
112. Who was Eli Whitney?
Creator of the cotton gin
113. Who was James Hargreaves?
Creator of the spinning jenny
114. Who was Henry Bessemer?
Creator of the process of making steel
115. Who was Edward Jenner?
Creator of the smallpox vaccine
116. Who was Louis Pasteur?
Discoverer of bacteria
117. What is urbanization?
The movement of people from the country to the cities to find work
118. What working conditions were workers dissatisfied with?
Long hours, dangerous conditions, low pay, child labor
119. What is capitalism?
People freely investing money to make profit
120. Who wrote Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
121. What is laissez-faire?
No government interference in business
122. Who was Karl Marx and what did he write?
The founder of the idea of Communism who wrote the Communist Manifesto
123. What were the benefits of child labor?
Costs were low and the profits high
124. What caused the rise of labor unions?
Dissatisfaction with working conditions and a desire for higher pay
125. What is collective bargaining?
Labor and management working together to determine fair pay
126. What benefits do labor unions provide?
They lobbied for laws to benefit workers, they encouraged strikes for higher wages
127. What is nationalism?
Having pride/love for your country
128. What is imperialism?
A stronger country taking over a weaker country for its own gain
129. What are protectorates?
Areas who has its own government, but its foreign policy is controlled by an outside nation
130. What are spheres of influence? (think China)
Areas whose trade and economy are controlled by an outside nation.
131. How was Japan opened to trade in the 19th century?
The United States forced it open
132. What is the significance of the Suez Canal?
It provided a direct sea route between Europe and Asia
133. What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A rebellion by the Chinese peasants to protest foreign influences in China
134. What was the Sepoy Rebellion?
A rebellion by Indian soldiers to protest British rule in India and led to harsher treatment of India by the
British.
135. What were the causes of World War I?
IMANASS—Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, Alliances, Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
136. What were the major events of WWI?
Assassination of Ferdinand, US enters war in 1917, Russia leaves the war
137. What were the effects of WWI?
Increased colonial demands for independence, it ended the Russian, Ottoman, German, and AustriaHungary Empires, and there was a HUGE cost of the war in lives, property, and social disruption
138. What is the Treaty of Versailles?
A treaty after WWI that forced Germany to accept all guilt for the war, lose territory, limit their
military, and pay reparations. It also formed the League of Nations.
139. Who was Woodrow Wilson?
President of the US in WWI—created the 14 Points
140. What is the League of Nations?
An international peacekeeping group without an army to enforce its decisions and the US was not a
member
141. What caused the Bolshevik Revolution?
Landless peasantry, the incompetence of Nicolas II, military defeats and high casualties in WWI
142. Who was Lenin?
The leader of the Bolsheviks
143. What is communism?
An economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people—everything is shared
144. What is the mandate system?
After WWI, large parts of the former Ottoman Empire in the Middle East were temporarily divided and
ruled by Great Britain or France
145. What were the causes of the worldwide depression of the interwar period?
high German reparations, high tariffs, too much credit being given out, and the dominance of the U.S.
economy that crashed with the Stock Market Crash of 1929
146. Who was Joseph Stalin? Describe his policies.
Russian/Soviet dictator in the Interwar and WWII years. Policies-strong Communism, 5 year plans,
collectivization of farms, secret police, state industrialization.
147. Who was Adolf Hitler? Describe his policies.
German Nazi dictator. Policies-anti-semitism, Nazism, extreme nationalism, occupation of nearby
countries
148. Who was Benito Mussolini? Describe his policies.
Italian Fascist dictator. Policies—ambition to restore the glory of Rome, invasion of Ethiopia
149. What is fascism?
A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, denial of individual rights and a one
party rule
150. Explain how Japan was imperialistic prior to and in WWII.
It was imperialistic because it needed raw materials. It invaded Korea, China, Manchuria
151. Who was Hideki Tojo? Hirohito?
Tojo-military general of Japan Hirohito-Emperor of Japan
152. Who was Douglas Mac Arthur?
U.S. General during WWII—responsible for the Pacific
153. Who was Winston Churchill?
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII
154. Who was Dwight D. Eisenhower?
U.S. General during WWII—responsible for Europe
155. Who was George Marshall?
U.S. General—creator of the Marshall Plan
156. What was the Holocaust?
The extermination of Jews, blacks, gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped, etc during WWII through the
Final Solution.
157. What is genocide?
The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
158. What was the final solution?
The plan for carrying out the Holocaust in germany involving the use of extermination camps with gas
chambers
159. Give two examples of genocide. (other than the Holocaust)
Cambodia (Pol Pot)—genocide of the educated, Rwanda—Hutus killing the Tutsis, Armenians by the
Ottoman Empire, The Great Purge by Stalin in the Soviet Union,
160. What was D Day?
June 6, 1945--The day of the largest amphibious landing in world history that led to an Allied victory in
WWII.
161. Who was FDR? Harry Truman?
U.S. President at the beginning of WWII; U.S. President at the end of WWII and for the beginning of the
Cold War
162. Why is the invasion of Poland significant?
It marked the beginning of WWII
163. Why is Stalingrad significant?
The German loss stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union—turning point of the war
164. Where were the atomic bombs dropped?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan)
165. What was the outcome of WWII?
The Allies won, leading to the collapse of European Empires and the establishment of the U.S. and the
USSR as the two big powers
166. What is the United Nations?
An international cooperative organization dedicated to keeping peace
167. What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Made by the UN—it provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection
of a government.
168. What is NATO?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization—created by democratic nations to cooperate against
Communism
169. What is the Iron Curtain?
A “wall” between the communist countries in the East and the democratic countries in the West of
Europe
170. What happened at Nuremburg?
WWII war crimes trials where Nazis were tried for their actions in WWII
171. What was the Yalta Conference?
US, Britain, and USSR met to create a postwar plan—divided up Germany between them and France,
gave the USSR Eastern European countries
172. What is the Marshall Plan?
The U.S. plan to give aid to any European nation that needs it after WWII to prevent Communism from
spreading to them
173. What is containment?
The policy of keeping communism from spreading
174. What was the Cold War?
Political and ideological rivalry between the U.S. (democracy/capitalism) and the USSR (Communist)
175. What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba in October 1962, during the Cold
War. The Soviet Union was placing nuclear missiles in Cuba only 90 miles away from the US
176. What is significant about the Korean War?
Fought between North Korea(communist) and South Korea(Democratic)—ended with the country
divided at the 38th parallel
177. What is significant about the Vietnam War?
Started due to the domino theory—the U.S. had to back out of the war and Vietnam became communist
178. What is the domino theory?
If one country falls to communism, the others will follow
179. What is the Warsaw Pact?
USSR’s response to NATO—an alliance of Eastern European communist countries
180. What was the Berlin Wall?
Wall separating East and West Berlin--symbol of Communist tyranny to the West
181. Who was Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)? Where did he go?
Chinese Nationalist leader—he fled to southwest China (Taiwan)
182. Who was Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)?
Chinese Communist leader
183. Who was Ho Chi Minh?
Vietnamese Communist leader
184. Who is Krushchev? Brezhnev? Gorbechev?
Soviet leaders. Kruschchev—Cuban Missile Crisis and destalinization; Gorbachev—glasnost and
perestroika
185. Who is Indira Gandhi?
Prime Minister of India during Cold War
186. Who is Margaret Thatcher?
Prime Minister of Great Britain during Cold War
187. Who is Deng Xiaoping?
Leader of China after Mao—relaxed some of Communist rules
188. How did Indian independence come about?
Indian demands for self-rule and the change in British policies led to India’s independence
189. Who was Mohandas Ghandi?
Leader of the independence movement in India—nonviolent techniques
190. What is civil disobedience and passive resistance?
CD—deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust. PR—nonviolent noncooperation
191. What divides Pakistan and India?
Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines
192. Describe Indian democracy.
Largest democratic nation in world; most power held in the central government
193. Explain the independence movements of Africa.
Right to self-determination led to both peaceful and violent moves for independence. Prompted by: pride
in African cultures and heritage resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation, loss of
colonies
194. Example of West Africa?
Nonviolent protests, strikes and boycotts against Britain
195. Example of Algeria?
FLN violence against France
196. Example of Kenya?
(Britain)—violent struggle under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta
197. Example of South Africa?
Black South Africans struggle against apartheid—led by Mandela
198. What is apartheid?
Complete legal segregation of races in South Africa
199. Who is Nelson Mandela?
Leader of South African independence movement; jailed for many years but becomes SA’s first black
president
200. Why is the Middle East a world “hot spot”?
Competing religious and ethnic divisions
201. Explain the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Dispute over Palestine between the Jews (Israel) and the Muslims(Palestinians)
202. Who is Golda Meir?
Israeli prime minister during the Yom Kippur War
203. Who is Nasser?
Egyptian President who nationalized the Suez Canal and built the Aswan Dam
204. Explain Judaism. (location?)
Founder: Abraham
Book: Torah
Location: Israel, North America
Beliefs: monotheistic, Ten Commandments
205. Explain Christianity. (location?)
Founder: Jesus Christ
Book: Bible
Location: Europe, Middle East, North America
Beliefs: monotheistic, Ten Commandments, Jesus as son of god, life after death
206. Explain Islam. (location?)
Founder: Mohammed
Book: Koran
Location: Middle East, Africa, Asia
Beliefs: monotheistic, Five Pillars of Islam, Mecca and Medina
207. Explain Hinduism. (location?)
Founder: no one founder
Book: Upanishads, Vedas
Location: India
Beliefs: polytheistic, Moksha, Caste System, Karma, reincarnation
208. Explain Buddhism. (location?)
Founder: Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama
Book: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path
Location: East, Southeast Asia
Beliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Pat, Nirvana, Ashoka spread Buddhism
209. What is a refugee?
People seeking safety from war or persecution in another nation
210. What is the difference between a developed and a developing nation?
A developed nation has everything needed for the advanced production of industrialized goods and a
developing nation is in the process of obtaining what’s needed to become industrialized
211. What environmental challenges face the world today?
More pollution, loss of habitat, global climate change
212. What social challenges face the world today?
Poverty, poor health, illiteracy, famine, migration
213. What is the European Union?
Example of regional integration—economic and political union of 27 member nations
214. What is NAFTA?
North American Free Trade Agreement—eliminated trade restrictions between USA, Canada, Mexico
215. What is the WTO?
Int’l organization created to supervise international trade and support free trade
216. What is the IMF?
International Monetary Fund—gives out emergency loans to countries in a crisis
217. What is terrorism?
Use of violence and threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasons
218. Give 5 examples of international terrorism.
Munich Olympics, 9/11 attacks, suicide bombings, airplane hijacking, car bombings
219. Give 3 government responses to terrorist activities.
Surveillance increased, personal rights decrease, security increased, identification required
220. Know your geography skills!!!!!!!!