Science Department
Year 7 into 8
Summer Pre-reading Work
Name:__________________________________
Instructions:
 Read through the key points for each of the topics.
 Complete some of your own research to answer the quick quiz questions for
each section (tick the correct answer).
Remember to hand this booklet into your teacher when you return to school in
September.
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Record Sheet
Ask your parents to complete the page below as a record of the completion of your work.
Topic
Task Completed
Parent Signature
Date
Key Point pre-reading
Health & Lifestyle
Quick Quiz
Key Point pre-reading
Ecosystem Processes
Quick Quiz
Key Point pre-reading
Reactions
Quick Quiz
Key Point pre-reading
The Periodic Table
Quick Quiz
Key Point pre-reading
Separation Techniques
Quick Quiz
Key Point pre-reading
The Earth
Quick Quiz
Key Point pre-reading
Sound
Quick Quiz
Key Point pre-reading
Light
Quick Quiz
Key Point pre-reading
Electricity & Magnetism
Science Department
Quick Quiz
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Biology- Health & Lifestyle - Key Points

Nutrients are essential substances that your body needs to survive. They are carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre.

Food tests are used to find out which nutrients a food contains.

To remain healthy you must eat a balanced diet. This means eating food containing the right
nutrients in the correct amounts.

Underweight people often lack energy. They may also suffer from a vitamin or mineral
deficiency, which can cause problems like a poor immune system.

Overweight people have an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers.

During digestion large molecules like lipids and proteins are broken down into small molecules.
They can then pass into the blood where they are used by the body.

Enzymes are proteins that can break large molecules into small molecules. They are biological
catalysts – they speed up digestion without being used up.

Drugs are substances that alter the chemical reactions that take place inside your body.

Medicinal drugs have benefits.

Recreational drugs are taken for enjoyment.

If a person becomes dependent on a drug, they have an addiction.

A person with an addiction can suffer withdrawal symptoms if they stop taking the drug.

Alcoholic drinks contain the drug ethanol. This is a depressant, which slows down the nervous
system.

Drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time can cause stomach ulcers, heart
disease and brain and liver damage. A person with an alcohol addiction is called an alcoholic.

Smoking causes breathing problems, cancer, heart attacks and strokes.

Tobacco smoke contains nicotine. This is a stimulant, which speeds up the nervous system. It is
also addictive.
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Biology- Health & Lifestyle - Quick Quiz
1. What nutrient is found in pasta and rice?
□ Lipids
□ Carbohydrate
□ Protein
2. What can happen if you don't eat enough?
□ Obesity
□ Starvation
□ Diarrhoea
3. What can happen if you eat too much?
□ Starvation
□ Deficiency disease
□ Obesity
4. Who needs more energy each day?
□ Athletes
□ Babies
□ Teenagers
5. What are the correct units of energy?
□ Joules
□ Kilograms
□ Calories
6. What does a deficiency in vitamin A cause?
□ Scurvy
□ Goitre
□ Blindness
7. What does a deficiency in iron cause?
□ Anaemia
□ Rickets
□ Scurvy
8. What is the main reason why we need protein in our diet?
□ For energy
□ To provide roughage
□ For growth and repair
9. What are the nutrients needed for energy?
□ Carbohydrate and fat
□ Carbohydrate and fibre
□ Fat and minerals
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10. Which nutrient cannot be digested?
□ Fibre
□ Fat
□ Protein
11. Which nutrients do not need to be digested?
□ Protein, minerals and vitamins
□ Minerals, vitamins and water
□ Fat, minerals and vitamins
12. What organ follows the stomach in the digestive system?
□ Large intestine
□ Oesophagus
□ Small intestine
13. What is mainly absorbed in the large intestine?
□ Water
□ Digested food
□ Fibre
14. Where is most digested food absorbed?
□ In the stomach
□ In the small intestine
□ In the gullet
15. What is produced when proteins are digested?
□ Sugars
□ Fatty acids and glycerol
□ Amino acids
16. What does lipase digest?
□ Carbohydrates
□ Proteins
□ Fats
17. Where does digestion start?
□ Mouth
□ Stomach
□ Small intestine
18. Where is bile produced?
□ Anus
□ Liver
□ Stomach
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19. What gives the small intestine a large surface area?
□ Rich blood supply
□ Thin walls
□ Villi
20. When faeces are passed out of the body, this is called:
□ Ingestion
□ Egestion
□ Indigestion
21. What does exercise decrease?
□ Tidal volume
□ Breathing rate
□ The risk of a heart attack
22. What is the addictive substance in tobacco smoke?
□ Nicotine
□ Tar
□ Carbon monoxide
23. Which of the main substances in tobacco smoke causes cancer?
□ Carbon monoxide
□ Carbon dioxide
□ Tar
24. Which statement about drugs is correct?
□ All drugs are medicines
□ Most drugs have no effect on the body
□ Alcohol and tobacco are legal drugs
25. Which part of the gas exchange system does asthma affect?
□ The mouth
□ The bronchioles
□ The capillaries
26. What happens to the bronchioles during an asthma attack?
□ The muscles in the lining relax
□ The muscles in the lining contract
□ Less fluid is produced
27. Which of these is an example of a stimulant?
□ Alcohol
□ Solvents
□ Caffeine
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28. Which drug is illegal?
□ Heroin
□ Caffeine
□ Nicotine
29. Which drug is a depressant?
□ Cocaine
□ Alcohol
□ Nicotine
30. What can be a long term effect of excessive alcohol?
□ Weight gain
□ Rash around the nose and mouth
□ Increased risk of mental illness
Quiz Score:
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Biology- Ecosystem Processes - Key Points

Plants and algae are producers – they make their own food by photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen

Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which traps the
light needed for photosynthesis.

Stomata allow gases to enter and leave a leaf. Guard cells open the stomata during the day
and close them at night.

Plants need minerals for healthy growth. For example, nitrates are needed to make amino
acids. Amino acids join together to form proteins, which are used for growth.

To transfer energy from glucose, aerobic respiration takes place inside mitochondria.

Aerobic respiration: glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

If no oxygen is present, energy can be transferred from glucose using anaerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration: glucose  lactic acid (+energy)

Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration performed by microorganisms. It is used in
bread and beer-making.

Fermentation: glucose  ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy)

Food chains show the transfer of energy between organisms. A food web is a set of linked food
chains.

Toxic chemicals can build up in organisms in a food chain until they reach harmful levels. This is
called bioaccumulation.

Interdependence is the way in which organisms depend on each other to survive, grow and
reproduce.

Organisms can co-exist within a habitat as they each have a different niche.
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Biology- B2 2 Ecosystem Processes - Quick Quiz
1. What are the products of aerobic respiration?
□ Carbon dioxide and water
□ Lactic acid
□ Oxygen and glucose
2. Where does respiration happen?
□ Cell membrane
□ Mitochondria
□ Nucleus
3. What reaction occurs in yeast?
□ Photosynthesis
□ Ventilation
□ Fermentation
4. What are the products of photosynthesis?
□ Carbon dioxide and water
□ Glucose and oxygen
□ Lactic acid
5. What colour is chlorophyll?
□ Black
□ Blue
□ Green
6. Where does photosynthesis take place?
□ In the chloroplasts
□ In the cell wall
□ In the nucleus
7. What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
□ Carbon dioxide and water
□ Carbon dioxide and oxygen
□ Glucose and oxygen
8. When do plants respire?
□ During the day only
□ During the day and night
□ During the night only
9. When do plants photosynthesise?
□ During the day and night
□ During the night only
□ During the day only
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10. What are the cells near the top of leaves called?
□ Palisade cells
□ Root hair cells
□ Red blood cells
11. What does xylem carry?
□ Water
□ Blood
□ Carbohydrates
12. What do stomata do?
□ Stop carbon dioxide diffusing into leaves
□ Allow oxygen to diffuse into leaves
□ Allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaves
13. How are root hair cells adapted?
□ Huge surface area
□ Lots of chloroplasts
□ Have no cell wall
14. What does a food chain always start with?
□ A top predator
□ A herbivore
□ A producer
15. Which is the secondary consumer in this food chain: grass -> grasshopper -> frog -> hawk?
□ Grass
□ Grasshopper
□ Frogs
16. What does an omnivore eat?
□ Meat only
□ Plants only
□ Meat and plants
17. What is a habitat?
□ The place where an organism lives
□ All the conditions that surround an organism
□ All the populations of different organisms
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18. What is likely to happen to the population of slugs if the population of thrushes decreases?
□
□
□
It will increase
It will decrease
It will stay the same
19. What is likely to happen to the population of thrushes if the population of voles increases?
□
□
□
It will increase
It will decrease
It will stay the same
20. What is likely to happen to the population of foxes if the population of rabbits decreases?
□
□
□
It will increase
It will decrease
It will stay the same
21. What do the arrows in a food chain show?
□ How many organisms are present
□ What eats what
□ The transfer of energy
Quiz Score:
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Chemistry – Reactions – Key Points

Physical changes are reversible. They include changes of state and dissolving.

Chemical reactions are not reversible.

Ina chemical reaction, atoms are re-arranged to make new substances.

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of products. This is
conservation of mass.

In a chemical reaction, the starting substances are called reactants. The substances that are
made in the reaction are called products.

Word equations represent reactions simply. They show reactants on the left and products on
the right. The arrow means reacts to make.

In a balanced symbol equation, chemical formulae represent the reactants and products. The
equation shows how atoms are re-arranged. It gives the relative amounts of reactants and
products.

Chemical reactions can make useful products and transfer energy.

In oxidation reactions, substances join with oxygen to form oxides.

Oxidation reactions include burning and resting. Burning is also called combustion.

In a thermal decomposition reaction, a compound breaks down when it is heated. The
products are simpler compounds, and elements.

Exothermic changes transfer energy to the surroundings.

Endothermic changes transfer energy from the surroundings.

A hazard is a possible source of danger.

A risks is the chance of damage or injury from a hazard.
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Chemistry – Reactions – Quick Quiz
1. When methane burns in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are made. Which is a reactant?
□ Oxygen
□ Carbon dioxide
□ Water
2. Copper oxide and carbon dioxide are made when copper carbonate is heated strongly. Which
is a product?
□ Heat
□ Copper carbonate
□ Copper oxide
3. What name is given to the force that holds atoms together in a compound?
□ Chemical bond
□ Gravity
□ Electrostatic attraction
4. What is another name for combustion?
□ Reduction
□ Burning
□ Displacement
5. Combustion reactions always release energy. What word can be used to describe them?
□ Endothermic
□ Exothermic
□ Reversible
6. Which of these is found in the fire triangle and is therefore essential for combustion?
□ Oxygen
□ Water
□ Carbon dioxide
7. What is a hydrocarbon?
□ A compound that contains carbon and hydrogen
□ A compound made from carbon and hydrogen only
□ A compound that has been obtained from crude oil
8. What is produced when a hydrocarbon fuel burns in a very good supply of oxygen?
□ Carbon monoxide and water
□ Carbon and water
□ Carbon dioxide and water
9. Which type of combustion releases the most energy?
□ Complete combustion
□ Incomplete combustion
□ Thermal decomposition
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10. What name is given to a substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up or
chemically changed?
□ Reducing agent
□ Catalyst
□ Oxidising agent
Quiz Score:
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Chemistry – The Periodic Table – Key Points

In the Periodic Table, metals are on the left of the stepped line, and non-metals are on the
right.

Most metals have high melting points. They are good conductors or heat and electricity. They
are shiny and have high densities. They are malleable, ductile and sonorous.

Most non-metals have low melting points. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity. In
the solid state they are dull and brittle.

Metal oxides are basic. Those that dissolve in water form alkaline solutions. Non-metal oxides
are acidic.

Physical properties describe things you can observe and measure.

Chemical properties describe how substances take part in chemical reactions.

You can use the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table to explain and predict patterns
in physical and chemical properties.

In the Periodic Table, the horizontal rows are periods.

In the Periodic Table, the vertical columns are groups.

Going across periods and down groups, there are patterns in the elements’ properties.

Group 1 elements react vigorously with water to make hydroxides and hydrogen. The reactions
get more vigorous from top to bottom of the group.

Going down Group 7, melting and boiling points increase. The colours of the elements get
darker. They are reactive.

In a displacement reaction a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its
compound.

Group 0 elements are called the noble gases. They are unreactive.
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Chemistry – The Periodic Table – Quick Quiz
1. Which statement about elements is correct?
□ Most elements are metals
□ Most elements are non-metals
□ There are about the same number of metals and non-metals
2. Where are the metals found in the periodic table?
□ On the left
□ On the right
□ Scattered all over
3. Which of the following is a general property of non-metals?
□ Shiny
□ Good conductor of heat
□ Poor conductor of electricity
4. Which of the following is a general property of metals?
□ Brittle
□ Strong
□ Poor conductor of heat
5. An element sinks in water and makes a ringing sound when hit. It is most likely to be:
□ A metal
□ A non-metal
□ An alloy
6. Which of these is an element in group 2?
□ Sodium
□ Aluminium
□ Calcium
7. Which element from this list will be most similar to neon?
□ Zinc
□ Argon
□ Fluorine
8. Who developed the modern periodic table?
□ Isaac Newton
□ Dmitri Mendeleev
□ Gregor Mendel
9. What is produced when magnesium burns in air?
□ Magnesium oxide
□ Magnesium hydroxide
□ Magnesium carbonate
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10. What term can be used to describe non-metal oxides?
□ Acids
□ Alkalis
□ Bases
Quiz Score:
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Chemistry – Separation Techniques – Key Points

A mixture is made up of substances that are not chemically joined together.

In a mixture, the substances keep their own properties. You can change the amounts of the
substances.

A pure substance has a sharp melting point. An impure does not.

A solution is a mixture of a liquid with a solid or gas. All parts of the solution are the same. You
cannot see the separate substances.

In a solution, the substance that dissolves is called the solute.

In a solution, the liquid in which the solute dissolves is called the solvent. Solvents include
water, propanone and ethanol.

When a substance dissolves, solvent particles surround the solute particles.

A saturated solution is a solution in which no more solute can dissolve.

The solubility of a substance is the mass that dissolves in 100g of water. Every substance has its
own solubility.

The solubility of a substance varies with temperature.

Substances that cannot dissolve in a certain solvent are insoluble in that solvent.

Filtration separates a liquid from an insoluble solid. It also separates a solution from a solid
that is mixed with is, but not dissolved.

You can separate a solute from its solution by evaporation.

You can separate a solvent from its solution by distillation.

You can separate substances in a mixture by chromatography if all the substances are soluble
in the same solvent.
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Chemistry – Separation Techniques – Quick Quiz
1. What is the name of the process that occurs when salt is added to water and then stirred until
the solid is no longer visible?
□ Filtration
□ Evaporation
□ Dissolving
2. In a solution of copper sulfate, what is the solvent?
□ The water
□ The copper sulfate
□ The mixture
3. What name is given to a substance that contains two types of atom that are not chemically
joined together?
□ Element
□ Compound
□ Mixture
4. In a salt solution, what is the solute?
□ The water
□ The salty water
□ The salt
5. Which is the best way to get salt from salty water?
□ Evaporation
□ Filtration
□ Distillation
6. Pure water can be separated from inky water by simple distillation because:
□ Water and ink have different boiling points
□ Water evaporates leaving the ink particles behind
□ Ink evaporates leaving the water behind
7. What is the correct order for obtaining salt from a mixture of sand and salt?
□ Dissolving in water - filtration - evaporation
□ Evaporation - filtration - dissolving in water
□ Filtration - dissolving in water - evaporation
8. Which method is usually used to separate coloured substances from each other?
□ Simple distillation
□ Evaporation
□ Chromatography
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9. How could you separate iron filings from a mixture of iron and sulfur?
□ Using a magnet
□ By adding water and filtering
□ By distillation
10. In filtration, what name is used to describe the solid left in the filter paper?
□ Filtrate
□ Residue
□ Distillate
11. If you wanted to make pure drinking water from sea water, what process would you use?
□ Filtration
□ Distillation
□ Evaporation
12. Crude oil can be separated into several liquids that have different boiling points. What is the
name of this process?
□ Simple distillation
□ Chromatography
□ Fractional distillation
13. In chromatography, where are the spots of coloured substances placed?
□ Randomly on the piece of paper
□ In a vertical line on the paper
□ On a horizontal line on the paper
14. What is the name of the piece of paper at the end of a chromatography experiment?
□ Chromatogram
□ Filtrate
□ Residue
Quiz Score:
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Chemistry – The Earth – Key Points

Everything we use comes from the Earth’s crust, atmosphere, or oceans.

The Earth consists of the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core.

The atmosphere is the mixture of gases around the Earth. It is mainly nitrogen and oxygen,
with smaller amounts of argon and carbon dioxide.

Sedimentary rocks form as a result of weathering, erosion, transport, deposition and
compaction or cementation.

Sedimentary rocks have separate grains. They are porous. Most are soft.

Igneous rocks form when liquid rock freezes. They consist of crystals. They are non-porous,
hard and durable.

Metamorphic rocks form when heating, high pressure or both change existing rock. They
consist of crystals. They are non-porous.

The rock cycle shows how materials in rock are recycled over millions of years.

Huge forces in the Earth push rocks upwards to form mountains, this is called uplift.

Carbon stores include the atmosphere, oceans, sedimentary rocks, fossil fuels and organisms.

The carbon cycle show how carbon compounds enter and leave carbon stores.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing because of deforestation
and burning fossil fuels.

Extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes climate change.

Recycling involves collecting and processing materials that have been used to make new
objects.
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Chemistry – The Earth – Quick Quiz
1. What is at the centre of the Earth?
□ The mantle
□ The core
□ The crust
2. What is the core of the Earth made from?
□ Zinc and carbon
□ Iron and nickel
□ Oxygen and silicon
3. What is the solid, outermost part of the Earth made from?
□ The mantle
□ The atmosphere
□ The crust
4. Which layer of the Earth is a liquid?
□ The inner core
□ The outer core
□ The mantle
5. What gas makes up most of the atmosphere?
□ Nitrogen
□ Oxygen
□ Argon
6. What percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen?
□ 21%
□ 16%
□ 33%
7. What percentage of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide?
□ 5%
□ 1%
□ 0.04%
8. What is the formula of nitrogen?
□ N
□ N2
□ N3
9. How much water is in the air?
□ It varies depending on the weather
□ 1%
□ 5%
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10. Which gas is present in the atmosphere that is needed by all animals in order to survive?
□ Nitrogen
□ Oxygen
□ Argon
11. What does the presence of tiny crystals in a piece of igneous rock tell you about it?
□ The molten rock cooled very quickly
□ The molten rock cooled very slowly
□ The molten rock cooled deep underground
12. Which one of these rocks is an igneous rock?
□ Marble
□ Limestone
□ Basalt
13. What is magma?
□ Salt crystals in sedimentary rock
□ Molten rock
□ Bubbles of gas
14. Which of the following is the order for forming sedimentary rocks?
□ Sedimentation - cementation - compaction
□ Compaction - sedimentation - cementation
□ Sedimentation - compaction - cementation
15. Only one of these rocks is a sedimentary rock. Which one?
□ Shale
□ Slate
□ Granite
16. Where are the oldest layers of rock usually found in a cliff made from sedimentary rock?
□ At the top
□ In the middle
□ At the bottom
17. Which statement about metamorphic rocks is correct?
□ They are formed when rocks are heated until they melt
□ They are only formed from heated sedimentary rocks
□ They are formed from all types of rock when they are heated and compressed
18. Which type of rock never contains fossils?
□ Sedimentary
□ Igneous
□ Metamorphic
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19. Which statement about the crystals in metamorphic rocks is correct?
□ They are small if the molten rock cooled quickly
□ They are large if the molten rock cooled slowly
□ They are often arranged in layers
20. Which metamorphic rock is formed from limestone?
□ Marble
□ Slate
□ Shale
21. Which of these is not an example of physical weathering?
□ Freeze-thaw
□ Acid rain falling on limestone
□ Wind blowing sand onto a rock
22. What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported by a river?
□ They get larger and more jagged
□ They get smaller and more rounded
□ They get smaller and more jagged
23. Which of these rocks is most likely to be damaged by acid rain?
□ Limestone
□ Granite
□ Gabbro
24. Which of these is an example of biological weathering?
□ A tree root splitting a rock apart
□ Acid rain eroding limestone
□ Freeze-thaw
25. Which landscape feature can be caused by chemical weathering?
□ U-shaped valley
□ Basalt columns
□ Limestone caves
26. Which gas can cause acid rain?
□ Nitrogen
□ Sulfur dioxide
□ Oxygen
27. What term describes the movement of small rock particles away from their source?
□ Weathering
□ Decomposition
□ Erosion
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28. What type of rock is formed by volcanoes in the rock cycle?
□ Igneous
□ Sedimentary
□ Metamorphic
29. What type of rock is made when tiny particles of other rocks settle out from slow moving
water?
□ Igneous
□ Sedimentary
□ Metamorphic
30. What is required to make a metamorphic rock?
□ Millions of years
□ High temperatures and pressures
□ A catalyst
31. Which of these processes absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
□ Respiration
□ Combustion of fossil fuels
□ Photosynthesis
32. Which of these processes releases carbon dioxide into the air?
□ Dissolving in sea water
□ Combustion of fossil fuels
□ Plants being eaten by animals
33. What is used to explain how carbon moves through the atmosphere, Earth and living
organisms?
□ The water cycle
□ The nitrogen cycle
□ The carbon cycle
34. Carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels burn. What is the main problem caused by carbon
dioxide?
□ It is a greenhouse gas
□ It makes it difficult for wild animals to breathe
□ It is the major cause of acid rain
35. Which of the following is likely to be a result of global warming?
□ Sea levels falling
□ Sea levels staying the same
□ Sea levels rising
36. What term is used for the process of cutting down large numbers of trees?
□ Deforestation
□ Reforestation
□ Eutrophication
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37. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
□ Methane
□ Carbon dioxide
□ Nitrogen
38. What would happen if there was no greenhouse effect on Earth?
□ The Earth would be too cold for life to exist
□ The global temperature would stay constant
□ The global temperature would rise very quickly
Quiz Score:
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Physics – Sound – Key Points

Waves are oscillations or vibrations that have an amplitude, wavelength and frequency. The
top of a wave is a crest and the bottom is a trough.

In a transverse wave the oscillation is 90o to the wave direction and in a longitudinal wave it is
parallel to the wave direction.

Waves can reflect from barriers and add up or cancel out.

A sound wave is produced by vibrating objects and is longitudinal.

Sound travels at 340 m/s. sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases and cannot travel
through a vacuum.

The loudness of a sound depends on its amplitude, and the pitch depends on its frequency.
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).

A human’s audible range is from 20-20 000 Hz.

Your outer ear consists of the pinna, auditory canal and eardrum. Your middle ear contains
your ossicles. Your inner ear contains your cochlea and semi-circular canals.

Vibrations travel from your eardrum to the hairs in your cochlea. This produces a signal that is
sent to your brain.

Loudness is measured in decibels (dB).

An echo is a reflection of sound that you can use to work out distance. Soft materials absorb
sound and don’t produce echoes.

Ultrasound is sound with frequency of more than 20 000 Hz. Humans use ultrasound to
produce images of inside the body and to find the depths of water.
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Physics – Sound – Quick Quiz
1. What are oscillations?
□ The number of waves per second
□ Up and down movements
□ The height of a wave
2. At what direction are the oscillations in a transverse wave to its direction?
□ 360 degrees
□ 180 degrees
□ 90 degrees
3. What happens to water waves when they hit a surface?
□ Reflection
□ Refraction
□ They stop
4. What happens to two waves that collide in step?
□ Cancelling
□ Adding
□ Subtracting
5. What happens to two waves that collide out of step?
□ Multiplying
□ Dividing
□ Cancelling
6. What is the amplitude of a wave?
□ The distance between the same two points on a wave
□ The maximum height of the wave
□ The number of waves per second
7. What type of waves are sound waves?
□ Water
□ Longitudinal
□ Transverse
8. What part of the ear collects sounds?
□ Ear drum
□ Ear canal
□ Pinna
9. What is the diaphragm in a telephone most like?
□ Ear drum
□ Ossicles
□ Ear canal
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10. What is the amplitude of a wave?
□ The distance between the same two points on a wave
□ The maximum height of the wave
□ The number of waves per second
11. What is the wavelength of a wave?
□ The maximum height of the wave
□ The number of waves per second
□ The distance between the same two points on a wave
12. What is the frequency of a wave?
□ The number of waves per second
□ The distance between the same two points on a wave
□ The maximum height of the wave
13. In which does sound travel fastest?
□ Liquids
□ Solids
□ Gases
14. Above what frequency is ultrasound?
□ 10 000 Hz
□ 20 Hz
□ 20 000 Hz
15. What do we use ultrasound for?
□ Taking photos of unborn babies
□ Taking photos of jewellery
□ Cleaning babies
Quiz Score:
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Physics – Light – Key Points
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Light is emitted from luminous objects. It can be transmitted through, reflected or absorbed by
non-luminous objects.
Objects are transparent, translucent or opaque.
Light travels through a vacuum at 300 000 km/s.
A light-year is the distance light travels in one year. Light-years are used to measure very large
distances.
Your brain uses the fact that light travels in straight lines and you see a virtual image when you
look in the mirror.
The law of reflection says that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
Images are formed when reflection is specular but not when there is diffuse scattering from a
surface.
When light slows down, it is refracted towards the normal.
A lens can focus light to a focal point.
Light enters your eye through a pupil. The cornea and lens focus the light to produce a real
image on your retina. A chemical reaction in the photoreceptors in your eye produces an
electrical signal. The signal travels down the optic nerve to your brain.
Light forms an image in a camera in the same way. Digital cameras store images produce when
light hits a charge-coupled device (CCD).
Prisms disperse white light to produce a continuous spectrum. Primary colours of light add up
to make secondary colours. All three colours add to make white light.
Filters and coloured objects subtract colour from white light by transmitting or reflecting the
colour that they are and absorbing the rest.
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Physics – Light – Quick Quiz
1. What type of waves are light?
□ Transverse
□ Longitudinal
□ Water
2. Why are some objects transparent?
□ Some light passes through them
□ All light passes through them
□ No light passes through them
3. Which travels most quickly?
□ Water waves
□ Sound waves
□ Light waves
4. The angle of incidence always equals what?
□ The angle of reflection
□ The angle of dispersion
□ The angle of exodus
5. Why does light refract?
□ Its size changes
□ Its speed changes
□ Its shape changes
6. What type of lens focuses light on a point?
□ Dispersing
□ Concave lens
□ Converging
7. Which of these colours is not found in the spectrum?
□ Cyan
□ Yellow
□ Green
8. What are the three primary colours?
□ Red, green and yellow
□ Red, green and blue
□ Red, blue and yellow
9. What is the retina?
□ The part of your eye that sends the image to your brain
□ The part of your eye that focuses light
□ The light-sensitive section at the back of your eye
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10. What type of reflection is seen in a mirror?
□ Specular
□ Diffuse
□ Normal
Quiz Score:
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Physics – Electricity & Magnetism – Key Points
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Objects can be charged positively or negatively by transferring electrons.
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Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
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An electric field is a region where there is a force on charged particles or materials.
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Electric current is the amount of charge flowing per second. You measure current in amps (A)
using an ammeter.
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The potential difference of a cell tells you the size of the push on the charges and how much
energy can be transferred by them.
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You measure potential difference in volts (V) using a voltmeter. The rating of a cell or battery
tells you the potential difference at which is operates.
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Series circuit contain only one loop, and the current is the same everywhere. Parallel circuits
have branches and the currents in all the branches add up to make the total current.
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A component with a high resistance has a small current through it. Resistance is measured in
ohms (). You calculate the resistance using the potential difference across a component and
the current through it. Insulators have a very high resistance and conductors have a very low
resistance.
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Magnets have a north pole and a south pole. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
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Magnetic materials feel a force in the region around a magnet called a magnetic field.
Magnetic field lines show the pattern of the magnetic field.
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A current flowing in a coil of wire wrapped around a magnetic material is an electromagnet. It
behaves like a bar magnet but you can turn it on and off.
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Electromagnets are used in maglev trains, hospitals and cars.
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Physics – Electricity & Magnetism – Quick Quiz
1. What are all substances made from?
□ Atoms
□ Electrons
□ Circles
2. What happens to an atom if it gains an electron?
□ It becomes positive
□ It becomes negative
□ It stays neutral
3. What charge are electrons?
□ Neutral
□ Positive
□ Negative
4. Which is an example of the build-up of static electricity?
□ Lightning
□ Electromagnets
□ Friction
5. What will happen to two objects with the same static charge?
□ They will attract
□ They will repel
□ Nothing
6. What will happen to two objects with the opposite static charge?
□ They will repel
□ Nothing
□ They will attract
7. What happens to an atom if it loses an electron?
□ It becomes positive
□ It becomes negative
□ It stays neutral
8. Which part of atoms cause static electricity?
□ Neutrons
□ Electrons
□ Protons
9. What machine is used by teachers to show static electricity?
□ Quadrat
□ Bunsen burner
□ Van de Graaff generator
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10. Static electricity produces what type of force?
□ Non-contact
□ Contact
□ Non-touching
11. What needs to be done to this circuit so that the lamp lights up?
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Close the switch
Add another lamp
Add a cell and close the switch
12. What component does this circuit symbol represent?
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Cell
Voltmeter
Resistor
13. Which switch or switches must be closed to make the lamps light?
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Only switch 1
Only switch 2
Switches 1 and 2
14. If lamp 1 is unscrewed from its holder, what will happen to lamp 2?
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It will get brighter
It will go out
It will stay the same brightness
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15. If lamp 1 is unscrewed from its holder, what will happen to lamp 2?
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It will stay lit
It will go out
It will get dimmer
16. What is wrong with this circuit diagram?
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There is only one cell
The ammeter should be connected in series
A ammeter should be connected in parallel
17. Which ammeter will have the biggest reading?
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Ammeter 1
Ammeter 2
They will read the same
18. Which statement about electric current is correct?
□ It always flows clockwise
□ It gets used up as it goes around the circuit
□ It does not get used up as it goes around the circuit
19. What is the definition of current?
□ The flow of charge
□ A measure of the difference in energy
□ How difficult it is for electrons to flow
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20. Which term is used instead of voltage?
□ Resistance
□ Potential difference
□ Current
21. Which of the following are magnetic poles?
□ North and south
□ East and west
□ Red and blue
22. Which of the following is not a magnetic material?
□ Steel
□ Cobalt
□ Aluminium
23. What do two poles of the same type do when they are brought close together?
□ They attract
□ They repel
□ Nothing
24. What do two unlike poles do when they are brought close together?
□ They attract
□ They repel
□ Nothing
25. The arrow on magnetic field lines shows them flowing in which direction?
□ From south to north
□ From north to south
□ From left to right
26. Where are the field lines most concentrated around a bar magnet?
□ At both poles
□ In the middle
□ At the north pole only
27. How can we increase the strength of an electromagnet?
□ Add an iron core
□ Reduce the number of turns on the coil
□ Reduce the current in the coil
28. What is one difference between electromagnets and bar magnets?
□ Bar magnets can be turned off but electromagnets cannot
□ Bar magnets have a magnetic field but electromagnets do not
□ Electromagnets need electricity but bar magnets do not
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29. What can we use to find the shape of a magnetic field?
□ An electromagnet
□ A coil of wire
□ A compass
30. Which of these doesn't usually use an electromagnet?
□ A compass
□ A school bell
□ A speaker
Quiz Score:
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