Exploration and
Expansion
A New Age of Discovery
Opening Assignment 9/09/15
• What explorers do you remember?
• What countries did they come from?
• Where did they explore?
• De Gama = Portugal = India
• Dias= Portugal = Horne of Africa
• Columbus = Spain = West Indies
Foundation of Exploration
• Three G’s
• Gold (Money/Spices/Raw Materials)
• God
• Glory
• Curiosity
• Left over from Renaissance
• Crusades
• Marco Polo, Zheng He
Technological Advances
• The Compass – China
• Astrolabe – Muslims
• Shipbuilding - Europeans
• Bigger ships = more cargo, withstand
stronger waves
• The Caravel – triangle sails, rudder at the
back, light, armed
The Portuguese
• First to launch large scale exploration
• Geographic advantage
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Patron of Exploration
• Ultimate goal: Find a water
route to India
• Prince Henry’s school of navigation resulted in a
breakthrough for Portuguese navigation. Before
Prince Henry, sailors and navigators refused to
sail toward Africa. They were scared of sea
monsters and boiling water near the equator. In
fact, no sailor had ever sailed into the “Sea of
Darkness”, which the Portuguese considered to
be any part of the ocean south of 27 degrees
north latitude (about Cape Bojador). Prince
Henry’s school sent 14 expeditions into “The
Sea of Darkness”. Prince Henry himself even
convinced some explorers to go further south.
Prince Henry’s influence was the first step in
finding the vaunted sea route to the Indies.
• Bartolomeu Dias
• First attempt to sail around the tip of
Africa – 1488
• Turned back by bad storms
• Vasco da Gama
• Left for India in 1497
• Stopped at several African ports along
the way
• Got to Calicut in India after > 10
months
• Pedro Cabral
• Discovered Brazil
• Impact of the Portuguese Explorers
• Trade outposts across India
• Discovered Indonesia and other lands
• Became one of the richest, most
powerful countries in Europe
The Spanish
• 1492 – Columbus sailed the ocean
blue
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
• Sail west to reach China
• Reached a small island in the
Caribbean
• Thought he had reached Asia/Indies
Islands – names the people
“indians”
• Amerigo Vesspucci
• Sailed the coast of South
America – 1502
• First to realize Columbus was
wrong
• America named after him
• Vasco Nunez Balboa
• Crossed the Isthmus of Panama
• FIRST European to see the
Pacific Ocean - 1513
Balboa’s Trip
• Ferdinand Magellan
• Wanted to sail around the globe
(circumnavigate)
• Sailed for Portugal then Spain
• Killed in the Philippines
• 19 survivors of his crew made it
around the world – 3 year trip
The English
• Henry Cabot (1497)
• Landed in Canada – thought he’d hit Asia
• Second voyage: Lost, sank
• Sir Francis Drake (1577)
• Rounded tip of South America
• Explored the West Coast
• Tried to find a way back to England
• Ended up sailing around the world
• Henry Hudson (1609)
• Looking for a Northwest Passage
• Sail NORTH over America to Asia
• Explored parts of New York
• River and bay named after him
• Mutinied by crew – dies in Hud. Bay
Dutch
• Henry Hudson
The French
• Jacques Cartier (1534)
• Sailed down the St. Lawrence River
• Claimed all the land as “New
France”
• A.K.A. - Canada (or Americas Hat)
Homework
• Read Pages 476 – 481
• Define the Key Terms & People into your
notebook
• Answer the Geography Skills Questions #1-2
page 477
• Complete the “Reading Like a Historian”
Questions #1-3 Page 480
• Complete the Section Assessment Page 481
Questions #1 – 4
Opening Assignment
09/10/2015
Economy of the New
World
• Exploration led to colonization.
• The interaction of peoples led to economic &
cultural changes.
Columbian Exchange
• Global Exchange of Goods
• New Foods
• Beasts of Burden
• New Diseases
Mercantilism
• A nation’s strength depends on its
wealth
• Fixed amount of wealth =
competition
• Gold and silver
• Raw Materials
• Limit imports, maximize exports
Capitalism
• Economy helped by private
individuals to seek a profit
• Colonies – make money for
mother country
• Joint-stock companies
JOINT STOCK COMPANY
• Wealthy investors start new colonies
in the New World
• Often wealthy noble families 2nd sons
• Huge start-up cost of establishing a
colony
• Could fail and lose all your money
• Specific crops or ideas – tons of
workers in Europe
Colder Ideas
Warmer ideas
• Cattle
Limes
• Corn
Sugarcane
• Furniture
Lemons
• Lumber
Bananas
• Wheat
Grapefruit
• Furs
Cotton
• Fishing
• Your advertisement should say where you are from,
where you are going, and how you are going to
make $$- use the bulleted list to make sure you
create each requirement for full credit
Spanish Colonies
• Caribbean
• Encomienda System
• Mexico
• Hernan Cortes-1519
• Conquistador
• Aztecs
• Moctezuma II
• Tenochtitlan
Spanish Colonies cont.
• Francisco Pizzaro-1529
• Incas
• Atahualpa
• Viceroys
French Colonies cont.
• New France
• Other Goods
• Mississippi River
Portuguese Colonies
• Treaty of Tordesillas-1494
• Imaginary Line
• Farmed along coast
• Slave Labor
Dutch Colonies
• New Netherland
• Manhattan Island
French and Indian War
• English claimed French Land
• Native Americans picked sides
• French lost a lot of land
• Great Britain had HUGE debts!
Atlantic Slave Trade
• Shortage of labor
• Triangular Trade
1st leg-European goods to Africa
2nd Leg- Africa to New World
Middle Passage
3rd leg- New World products to
Europe