Warm-Agreeable - Interpersonal Research Laboratory

Mini Quiz

1.Data that derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does in some predefined context are

• a. L data.

• b. I data.

• c. S data.

• d. B data.

Mini Quiz

• 2. _____________________ ask a respondent to interpret a meaningless, ambiguous stimulus in order to access the inner workings of the person's mind.

• a. Rationally constructed tests

• b. Projective tests

• c. Factor analytic tests

• d. Objective tests

Mini Quiz

• 3. The basis of the _____________ method of test construction is to come up with items that seem directly, obviously, and logically related to what it is you wish to measure.

• a. rational

• b. empirical

• c. philosophical

• d. factor analytic

Mini Quiz

4. For any rationally constructed personality scale to work, it must satisfy which of the following conditions?

• a. The items on the form must all be valid indicators of what the tester is trying to measure.

• b. The person who completes the form must be willing to accurately report his or her self-assessment.

• c. Each item must mean the same thing to the person who fills out the form as it did to the psychologist who wrote it.

• d. All of the above conditions must be satisfied for the scale to work.

• 5) Which one?

Mini Quiz

• A) B

• B) D

• C) A

• D) C

What is a trait of personality?

• A “unit” of measurement

• Allport presents 8 Criteria that define a personality trait

Traits

• 1) A trait has more than nominal existence

• Traits are real!

Traits

• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior lie steal cheat

Traits

• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior lie steal

Honesty cheat

Traits

• 2) A trait is more generalized than a behavior

– There are systems of behaviors

– Traits my embrace anywhere between 2 to hundreds of behaviors

Traits

• 3) A trait is dynamic

• A trait CAUSES behavior, it is not just a summary of behavior lie steal

YES!

Honesty cheat

Traits

• 3) A trait is dynamic

• A trait CAUSES behavior, it is not just a summary of behavior lie steal

NO!

Honesty cheat

Traits

• 4) The existence of a trait my be established empirically or statistically

• Statistical techniques can be used to examine coherence among behaviors

Traits

• 5) Traits are only relatively independent of each other

• It will be difficult to isolate “fundamental” traits that are completely independent of each other

Traits

• 6) A trait of personality, psychologically considered, is not the same as a moral quality.

Traits

• 7) Acts, and even habits, that are inconsistent with a trait are not proof of the non-existence of the trait

• Not realistic to expect perfect consistency

– Some traits not important in some people

– Traits interact with each other within a person

– Context also determines behavior

Traits

• 8) A trait may be viewed either in the light of the personality which contains it, or in the light of its distribution in the population at large.

• Some traits are unique and some are universal

• Can examine either

– Universal traits across people

– Unique blends of traits within a person

Using Traits to Understand

Behavior

• Different approaches:

• The Single-Trait Approach

• The Many-Trait Approach

• The Essential-Trait Approach

• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach

The Single Trait Approach

• An in-depth research program of a single trait

Questionnaire

Authoritarianism

• Historical context

– Nazi Germany

• Philosophical roots

– Fromm

• To avoid choices people turn their will over to external authorities

• “I am just following orders”

• In the 1930s created the “F – Scale”

Authoritarianism

Conventionalism

Authoritarianism

Conventionalism

Authoritarian submission

Authoritarianism

Conventionalism

Authoritarianism


Authoritarian aggression

Conventionalism

Authoritarianism



Anti –

‘intraception”

Conventionalism

Authoritarianism



Anti –

‘intraception”

Superstition

Conventionalism

Authoritarianism



Anti –

‘intraception”

Superstition

Power and toughness

Conventionalism

Authoritarianism



Anti –

‘intraception”

Superstition

Destructiveness and cynicism

Power and toughness

Conventionalism

Projectivity

Authoritarianism



Anti –

‘intraception”

Superstition


Power and toughness

Sexual repression

Conventionalism

Projectivity

Authoritarianism



Anti –

‘intraception”

Superstition


Power and toughness

Authoritarianism

• Note how this trait ties together many diverse behaviors

• Also note how it can explain inconsistencies in behavior

– A person VERY respectful to a superior may be cruel to those who rank lower

Authoritarianism

• Over 4,000 articles on this trait!

• Findings:

• No relation between authoritarianism and political party (note: communism findings)

• Note: not conservatism, but pseudoconservatism

– e.g., taxes abolished, no trials, etc.

Authoritarianism

Findings:

• Society is in turmoil, authoritarians more likely to support “strong” political candidates

• When standard of living declines authoritarians more likely to favor restrictions of welfare and bans on abortion

Authoritarianism

Roots:

• Child-rearing practices

– Regularly and severely punished

– Learn to fear, obey, and be unquestioning of authority

• Genetic

– Biological siblings = .35

– Adopted siblings = .05

Questionnaire

Say

• “I am going out now, I won’t be back all day. If anyone comes by, just tell them I’m not here”

• Happy

• Sad

• Mad

Self-Monitoring

• How much do “monitor” your social setting and alter your behaviors accordingly

• High SM

– Monitor every situation

– Look for cues how to act, alter behavior

• Low SM

– Consistent behavior regardless of situation

Self-Monitoring

• Findings:

• Actors tend to be high self-monitors

– Mental patients tend to be low

• High SM interview better for jobs

• High SM more likely to lie to go on dates

• Jokes with a laugh track

• Masturbate more often (r = .50; only for women)

The Many-Trait Approach

• Examine many traits simultaneously to determine what type of person tends to perform certain behaviors


• Commonly use the California Q-Sort

– Forces you to compare traits to each other

• Rank order

• Healthy

• Wealthy

• Wise

Findings of the Many-Trait

Approach

• 64 undergraduates completed the SM scale

• Friends and family q-sorted the subjects

Self-Monitoring

• High SM

• Skilled in social techniques

• Talkative

• Self-dramatizing

• Initiates humor

• Verbally fluent

• Expressive in face

• Has social poise and presence

Self-Monitoring

• Low Self Monitors

• Distrustful

• Perfectionist

• Touchy and irritable

• Anxious

• Introspective

• Independent

Findings of the Many-Trait

Approach

• Drug use and adolescent health

– Shedler & Block, 1990

• 101 subjects

• Age 11 – parents completed a q-sort

• Age 18 – Drug usage measured

– Abstainers, experimenters, frequent users

1. Prefers nonverbal methods of communication.

3. Is warm and responsive.

6. Is helpful and cooperative.

8. Tends to keep thoughts, feelings, or products to self.

13. Characteristically pushes and tries to stretch limits.

14. Is eager to please.

21. Tries to be the center of attention.

23. Is fearful and anxious.

25. Uses and responds to reason.

26. Is physically active.

Abst.

Exp.

Freq.

4.6

4.5

5.1*

5.3** 6.2

5.2**

7 7.2

6.5**

5.6* 4.7

5.3

3.0* 3.6

4.2

6 6.1

5.3**

3.1** 3.8

3.9

4.5*** 3.3

4

7.3** 6.6

6.5

5.2** 5.9

5.7

27. Is visibly deviant from peers in physical appearance.

28. Is vital, energetic, lively.

30. Tends to arouse liking and acceptance in adults.

34. Is restless and fidgety.

35. Is inhibited and constricted.

Abst.

Exp.

Freq.

3.3

4.9**

3

5.9

3.7**

5.2

6.1

6.5

5.9*

3.7*** 4.6

5.1

5.1** 3.9

4.4

4.1** 4.5

4.6

37. Likes to compete; tests and compares self with others.

39. Becomes rigidly repetitive or immobilized under stress.

40. Is curious, eager to learn, open to new experiences.

41. Is persistent in activities; does not give up easily.

42. Is an interesting, arresting child.

4.2*

5.4*** 6.4

5.7*

5.9

5.1**

3.5

5.6

5.8

4.2*

5.1*

5.1*

45. Tends to withdraw and disengage when under stress.

47. Has high standards of performance for self.

52. Is physically cautious.

54. Has rapid shifts in mood; is emotionally labile.

Abst.

Exp.

Freq.

5.0* 4.2

5.2**

6.1

5.9

5.1**

5.1*** 4 4.5

3.5

3.4

4.2**

59. Is neat and orderly in dress and behavior.

6.5*** 5.5

5.2

60. Becomes anxious in unpredictable environment.

4.9** 4 4.8*

62. Is obedient and compliant.

63. Has a rapid personal tempo; reacts and moves quickly.

64. Is calm and relaxed, easy-going.

6.5* 5.8

5.6

4.2** 5 4.6

5.0* 5.6

5.2


• Note: What this study is not saying

– To interpret the meaning of these traits need to also interpret the context of the study

• How many adjectives can you use to describe a person?

• Try it!

The Essential-Trait Approach

• Odbert and Allport found over 4,500 adjectives that describe personality traits

– 17,953 adjectives overall (but some were not traits)

• Are all of these really independent of each other?

• Essential Approach tries to find how many and which traits are essential

The Big Five:

History

• Allport and Odbert (1936)

– 17,953 trait terms

• Tupes & Christal (1961)

– Replicate Fiske

• Cattell (1943)

– Factor analysis finds 35 clusters

• Fiske (1949)

– Factor analysis results in 5 factors

• Norman (1963) replicates

Tupes & Christal, and writes a review about these “big five” traits

– Surgency (extraversion)

– Agreeableness

– Conscientiousness

– Emotional stability

– Culture

Essential Trait

• Big-Five Inventory

E

1, 11, 16, 26, 36

A

7, 17, 22, 32, 42

C

3, 13, 28, 33, 38

N

4, 14, 19, 29, 39

O

5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44

R 6, 21, 31

R 2,12, 27, 37

R 8, 18, 23, 43

R 9, 24, 34

R 35, 41

R

1 = 5

2 = 4

3 = 3

4 = 2

5 = 1

Agreeableness

Trust

Straightforwardness

Altruism

Compliance

Modesty

Tender-mindedness

Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young

Jedi is a good man.

Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.

Extraversion

Warmth

Gregariousness

Assertiveness

Activity

Excitement seeking

Positive emotions

Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man.

He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled.

Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence

Conscientiousness

Competence

Order

Dutifulness

Achievement striving

Self-discipline

Deliberation

Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel

Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities.

He is individual who can be relied upon.

Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.

Anxiety

Angry hostility

Depression

Self-consciousness

Impulsiveness

Vulnerability

Neuroticism

Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger

(e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace).

Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of

Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.

Openness to Experience

Fantasy

Aesthetics

Feelings

Actions

Ideas

Values

Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways.

C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.

The Big Five

• Also known as the Five-Factor Model

• Extraversion

• Agreeableness

• Conscientiousness

• Neuroticism

• Openness to Experience

• OCEAN

Example

• Preadolscent girls and risk behavior

– Markey, Markey, and Tinsley 2003

• Subjects were 160 girls

– 5 th grade mothers completed BFI and girls pubertal development was assessed

– 6 th grade girls reported engagement in risky behaviors

• e.g., smoking, drinking, deep kissing, etc.

Results

Puberty .29

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Neuroticism

Openness

.10

-.38

-.42

.03

-.04

0.7

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.6

0.5

0

Results

Early Puberty

Risk = .44 (Open) + .54

Average Puberty

Risk = -.01 (Open) + .41

Late Puberty

Risk = -.25 (Open) + .28

Openness to Experience

Results

• Demonstrates predictive power of the Big-5

• Demonstrate show traits can interact with other elements (e.g., pubertal development) to create different behaviors


Behavior






The Simultaneous-Trait Approach

• Trait approaches tend to be “onedimensional”

• They only consider one trait at a time

• “He is extraverted”

• Pro: Simple and automatic

• Con: Not all extraverts act the same


• An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person

• An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person


• An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person

– Warm

• An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person

– Controlling


• This approach examines how traits “blend” together within an individual

The Interpersonal Sphere

• Ask yourself:

• High (+)

• Moderate (0)

• Low (-)

– How dominant are you?

– How warm are you?

Interpersonal Circumplex

Cold

-

Warm

0 +


Dominant

+

0

Submissive

-


Dominant

Cold Warm

Submissive

The Interpersonal Circumplex

0e

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Assured-

Dominant

(PA)

90 o

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO)

45 o

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o

The Interpersonal Circumplex

0e

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Assured-

Dominant

(PA)

90 o

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO)

45 o

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o

IPIP-IPC

0e • Warm-Agreeable

Assured-

Dominant

(PA) o

90

– Am interested in people.

– Reassure others.

– Inquire about others’ well-being.

– Get along well with others.

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO) o

45

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o

Markey & Markey, 2009

IPIP-IPC

0e • Gregarious-Extraverted

Assured-

Dominant

(PA) o

90

– Start conversations.

– Love large parties.

– Feel comfortable around people.

– Talk to a lot of different.

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO) o

45

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o


IPIP-IPC

• Assured-Dominant

– Do most of the talking.

– Demand to be the center of attention.

– Speak loudly.

– Demand attention.

0e

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Assured-

Dominant

(PA) o

90

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO) o

45

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o


IPIP-IPC

• Arrogant-Calculating

– Cut others to pieces.

– Contradict others.

– Snap at people.

– Have a sharp tongue.

0e

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Assured-

Dominant

(PA) o

90

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO) o

45

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o


IPIP-IPC

• Cold-Hearted

0e

Assured-

Dominant

(PA) o

90 – Believe people should fend for themselves.

– Don’t fall for sob-stories.

– Don’t put a lot of thought into things.

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

– Am not interested in other people’s problems.

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO) o

45

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o


IPIP-IPC

• Aloof-Introverted

– Am a very private person.

– Don’t talk a lot.

– Have little to say.

– Am quiet around strangers.

0e

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Assured-

Dominant

(PA) o

90

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO) o

45

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o


IPIP-IPC

• Unassured-Submissive

0e

Assured-

Dominant

(PA) o

90 – Dislike being the center of attention.

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o – Let others finish what they are saying.

– Speak softly.

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

– Seldom toot my own horn.

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO) o

45

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o


IPIP-IPC

• Unassuming-Ingenuous

– Tolerate a lot from others.

– Take things as they come.

– Seldom stretch the truth.

– Think of others first.

0e

Cold-

Hearted

(DE)

180 o

Arrogant-

Calculating

(BC)

135 o

Assured-

Dominant

(PA) o

90

Warmth

Gregarious-

Extraverted

(NO) o

45

Warm-

Agreeable

(LM)

0 o

Aloof-

Introverted

(FG)

225 o

Unassured-

Submissive

(HI)

270 o

0e

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

(JK)

315 o


The


• The IPC can help us understand sex – well at least who does it the most!

0e

Cold-

Arrogant-

Calculating

Hearted

Aloof-

Introverted

Assured-

Dominant

Gregarious-

Extraverted

E xt ra rs io n

Unassured-

Submissive

Warmth

Warm-

Agreeable

A gre ea ble ne ss

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

0e

0e

Cold-

Arrogant-

Calculating

Hearted

Aloof-

Introverted

Assured-

Dominant

Gregarious-

Extraverted

E xt ra rs io n

Unassured-

Submissive

Warmth

Warm-

Agreeable

A gre ea ble ne ss

Unassuming-

Ingenuous

0e


Sex

• "Sex is a conversation carried out by other means.”

• "Sex with love is the greatest thing in life.

But sex without love -- that's not so bad either."

Sex and Personality

• What accounts for different people’s willingness (or lack thereof) to engage in sexual relations with multiple partners?

• Who has multiple partners?

– High Extraversion

– Low Agreeablness

Method

• Participates

– 210 participants

• 105 men and 105 women

• Measures

– IAS

– Sexual promiscuity (different levels of intimacy)

• 1) One minute continuous lip kissing

• 2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals

• 3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals

• 4) Sexual intercourse

Results

• 1) Men reported more partners for:





Results

• 2) For both males and females dominance was positively related to:





Results

• 3) Warmth had a quadratic relationship with:





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-3

One minute continuous lip kissing

Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals

Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals

Sexual intercourse

-2 -1 0

Warmth

1 2 3

Figure 4

Graphical representations of regression equations predicting the number of sexual partners women would have who are well defined (i.e., VL = 1.50) by an IPC octant.

One minute continuous lip kissing Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals

6

PA

DE

BC

20

PA

8

4

0

16

12

NO

LM DE

BC

4

2

0

NO

LM

FG JK FG JK

HI HI

Number of partners = 9.28 + 2.38 (Sex) + 4.08 (Dom) - 1.40 (Warm) + 1.60 (Warm

2

) Number of partners = 2.43 + 3.60 (Sex) + 1.64 (Dom) - .14 (Warm) + 1.01 (Warm

2

)

Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals Sexual intercourse

6

PA

8

PA

6

BC NO BC

4

NO

4

2

2

DE 0 LM DE 0 LM

FG JK

FG JK

HI

HI

Number of partners = 2.15 + 2.73 (Sex) + 1.21 (Dom) - .41 (Warm) + .72 (Warm 2 ) Number of partners = 2.82 + 2.70 (Sex) + 1.20 (Dom) - .51 (Warm) + .70(Warm 2 )

Note: Underlined values indicate a significant (p < .05) regression weight.

Conclusion

• Personality is a unique “blend” of traits

• Like chemistry’s periodic table

– Elements do not exist in a vacuum

– Combine together!

• H20, NH3, CO2, etc.


Behavior






Warm-Agreeable - Interpersonal Research Laboratory

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