9/6/12
Essential Question:
Why and How does cultural diversification occur?
A Continent of Villages
Settling the Continent
By first contact with Europeans in 15th c., the Native-American
population was a diverse mixture of cultures and languages,
existing through adaptation to many different regional
environments.
Migration hypothesis=Indian peoples came from a common stock of
Asian migrants, arriving from a Northwestern land passage, and had
experienced a long and independent history in the Americas.
TIMEFRAME:
25,000 – 30,000 yrs.
ago
Motivation: Summers were warm, and winters cold, dry and
snow free- perfect environment for large mammals.
Thus, Hunter gatherer societies followed them and thrived on the
limitless land.
Kinship systems developed as people in densely populated
regions formed clans. (Cliques)
Stuck in this school…Who goes with whom?
Tribes would emerge as clans binded together based on
ethnic, linguistic, and territorial unity.
What’s the connection to the main idea?
Cultural Regions of North America on the
Eve of Colonization
Many distinct ecological areas of North America emerge:
Northwest, Great Plains,
Northeast, West Coast,
Great Basin, Southwest,
South.
The most densely populated areas become the Southwest, The South,
and The Northeast.
“Funny how things don’t change”
RESPONSE: It is estimated that the population of North America was between
20 and 30 million when Europeans arrived…about the same as the continent of
Culture area
Europe. Explain the significance of this fact.
As tribes spread throughout the continent, different ways of life
emerge, largely based on geographic factors.
1. Hunting Tradition- Centered on the relationship between
Hunters and prey, and celebrated the existence of a “Master of
Animals.”
2. Agrarian Tradition- Emphasized the notion of fertility in ritual
festivals marking the changing of the seasons.
What made them similar?
• Relationship with environment as part of their religion
• Need to hunt for survival
• Ownership meant access to the things the land
produced, not ownership of the land itself.
Take a stand and back it up.
Native American peoples that European explorers encountered
in North America prior to 1500 were highly civilized and
coordinated tribes. SIDE A: “True Dat”
SIDE B: “HogWash”
TASK: With a group of 3 you will do the following:
1. Reflect on your notes and read through the sources.
2. Find detailed information that supports your assigned
position on this statement. Find as many examples as you can.
resources: Notebook outline from Chapter 1,
American Issues reader pp. 7-10.
3. Be sure to give credit where credit is do. (i.e. Tribes, such
as the Iroquois and Algonquians, organized formal political and
military alliances with other tribes in order to maintain peace and
protect their interests.
Supporting evidence:
Do we have that?
You call that civilized?
We have that, but…
Closure
“Columbus did not discover a new world. He established
contact between two worlds, both already old.”
EXPLAIN
WHITE EUROPEANS
clash
•Used the land for economic needs
•Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into
private property
•Divided the land and selling it for monetary value.
NATIVE AMERICANS
•Relationship with environment as part of their religion
•Need to hunt for survival
•Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not
ownership of the land itself.
RESPONSE: If the Indian peoples came from Asia, as most of the evidence suggests,
then what is the best explanation for how and when they arrived and how they spread
across two continents? Describe and explain.
What generalizations can you make about the information
presented?
What differences can you find? List three
What similarities tie most Native-American cultures
together?
European
movement
European trade routes
Motives for European
Exploration
1. Crusades  by-pass intermediaries
to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
3. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
15th century
trade routes
Direct Causes = 3 G’s
• Political: Become a world power through gaining
wealth and land. (GLORY)
• Economic: Search for new trade routes with
direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would
enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
• Religious: spread Christianity and weaken
Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
The 3 motives reinforce each other
European
explore
EFFECTS
•Europeans reach and settle Americas
•Expanded knowledge of world geography
•Growth of trade, mercantilism and
capitalism
•Conflicts with Natives over land and impact
of disease on Indian populations
•Introduction of the institution of slavery
•Columbian (Intercontinental) Exchange
Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods
involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
* Squash
* Turkey
* Cocoa
* Peanut
* Avocado
* Pumpkin
* Pineapple
* Tomato
* Peppers
* Tobacco
* Cassava
* Vanilla
* Sweet Potatoes
* Quinine
* POTATO
* MAIZE
* Syphilis
* Olive
* Coffee Beans * Banana
* Rice
* Onion
* Turnip
* Honeybee
* Barley
* Grape
* Peach
* Sugar Cane
* Oats
* Citrus Fruits * Pear
* Wheat
* HORSE
* Cattle
* Sheep
* Pig
* Smallpox
* Flu
* Typhus
* Measles
* Malaria
* Diptheria
* Whooping Cough
**SLAVES
1. First Americans-----Pre-Columbian
2. Europe Exploration
• Causes
• Indirect
• Direct
• Effects
3. European Colonization
• Spain
• Portugal
• France
• Dutch
notes
F/I War 1750
• Spanish first to pursue colonization
• Start in Caribbean, then Central and South
America—most important was conquest of Aztecs
by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
• First permanent colonies in what will become
United States are founded by Spain
– St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to
protect Spanish treasure fleets
European
Colonization
European Colonization
• Once the New World is discovered, the Big 5
European countries begin competing for control of
North America and the world….
– Spain
– England
– France
– Portugal
– Holland
• This power struggle ultimately leads to several
wars.
Spanish
Exploration

Columbus

Balboa



Pizzaro
De Leon


Cortes
De Soto
Coronado

Vespucci
Spanish empire by
the 1600’s
consisted of the



part of North
America
Central America
Caribbean Islands

Much of South
America.
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
European
Colonial
Empire
Permanent
Settlers
The Colonial Class System
Peninsular:
Spanish
ancestry
Mestizos:
Spanish
and Indian
mixture
Native Indians
Creoles:
Spanish and
Black
mixture.
Mulattos:
White
Indian and
Black
mixture
Black Slaves
1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and
cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM
2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations
3. In return the conquistador was obligated to
•protect his wards
•instruct them in the Christian faith
•defend their right to use the to live off the land
4. Encomienda system eventually decimated
Indian population.
5. The King prevented the encomienda with the
New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the
system gradually died out.
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
•Believed Native
Americans had been
treated harshly by the
Spanish.
•Indians could be
educated and
converted to
Christianized.
•Believed Indian
culture was advanced
as European but in
different ways.
► New Laws --> 1542
• French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal
(1642) and what would become Canada
– Control St. Lawrence River & access to
interior of North America
– Develop a fur trade
– French coexist peacefully with Indians
European Colonization
• Like French, Dutch focus on fur trade &
send only a few men to settlements
– Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson
River
– New Netherland (becomes New York) is an
extension of the Dutch global trade system
• Dutch & French form alliances with Native
Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois
(Dutch ally) defeat Hurons