Abnormal
Psychology
Fourth Edition
Oltmanns and Emery
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
PowerPoint Presentation
Prepared By
Fred W. Whitford
Montana State University
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Chapter 2
Causes of Abnormal Behavior: A
Systems Approach
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
•any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
•preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
•any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Overview
• Paradigm
• Systems Theory
– Multifactorial Causes
– Biopsychosocial Approach
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Overview
• Case Study:
– Meghan’s Many Hardships
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Brief Historical Perspective: *
Twentieth-Century Paradigms
• Witchcraft
• General Paresis and the Biological
Paradigm
– Biological Paradigm
• Kraft Ebbing
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Brief Historical Perspective: *
Twentieth-Century Paradigms
• Freud and the Psychodynamic
Paradigm
– The Psychodynamic Paradigm
• Psychoanalytic Theory
– Id
» Pleasure Principle
– Ego
» Reality Principle
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Brief Historical Perspective: *
Twentieth-Century Paradigms
• Psychoanalytic Theory
– Super Ego
» Defense Mechanisms
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Defense Mechanisms
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Brief Historical Perspective: *
Twentieth-Century Paradigms
• Psychology, Learning, and the
Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm
– Cognitive Behavior Paradigm
• Classical Conditioning
– Unconditioned Stimulus
– Unconditioned Response
– Conditioned Stimulus
– Conditioned Response
• Extinction
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Brief Historical Perspective: *
Twentieth-Century Paradigms
• Psychology, Learning, and the
Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm
– Operant Conditioning
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Brief Historical Perspective: *
Twentieth-Century Paradigms
• Free Will and the Humanistic
Paradigm
– Humanistic Paradigm
• Free Will
• Determinism
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Brief Historical Perspective: *
Twentieth-Century Paradigms
• The Problem with Paradigms
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Comparison of Paradigms
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Systems Theory
• Holism
– Holism
– Reductionism
• Molecular
• Molar
– Levels of Analysis
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Systems Theory
• Causality
– The Diathesis-Stress Model and
Multiple Risk Factors
• Diathesis
• Stress
• Risk Factors
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Systems Theory
• Causality
– Equifinality and Multifinality
– Reciprocal Causality
• Homeostasis
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Systems Theory
• Research Methods:
– The Correlational Study
• Correlation Coefficient
• Reverse Causality
• Third Variable
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Systems Theory
• Developmental Psychopathology
– Premorbid History
– Prognosis
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
•
•
•
•
Anatomy
Neuroanatomy
Neurophysiology
Neuroscience
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• The Neuron and Neurotransmitters
– Neuron
• Soma
• Dendrites
• Axon
• Axon Terminal
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
*
The Neuron
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Biological Factors
• The Neuron and Neurotransmitters
– Synapse
• Neurotransmitter
• Receptors
• Reuptake
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Neurotransmitters and the Etiology
of Psychopathology
– Dopamine
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Further Thoughts:
– Mind-Body Dualism
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Major Brain Structures
– Hindbrain
• Medulla
• Pons
• Cerebellum
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Major Brain Structures
– Midbrain
• Reticular Activating System
– Forebrain
• Limbic System
– Thalamus
– Hypothalamus
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Cerebral Hemispheres
– Left Cerebral Hemisphere
– Right Cerebral Hemisphere
– Corpus Callosum
– Ventricles
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Cerebral Hemispheres
– Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Cerebral Hemispheres
– Major Brain Structures and the
Etiology of Psychopathology
– Stroke
– Alzheimer’s Disease
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Psychophysiology
– Endocrine System
• Hormones
– Hyperthyroidism
– Graves’ Disease
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Psychophysiology
– Nervous System
• Central System
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Somatic Nervous System
– Autonomic Nervous System
» Sympathetic Nervous System
» Parasympathetic Nervous System
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Psychophysiology
– Psychophysiology and the Etiology of
Psychopathology
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Behavior Genetics
– Genes
– Chromosomes
– Behavior Genetics
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Behavior Genetics
– Some Basic Principles of Genetics
• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Autosomal gene
• Polygenic
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Gene Inheritance
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Biological Factors
• Behavior Genetics
– Family Incidence Studies
– Twin Studies
• Monozygotic (MZ) Twins
• Dizygotic (DZ) Twins
• Concordance Rates
• Shared Environment
• Nonshared Environment
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
*
Twin Studies
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
Biological Factors
• Behavior Genetics
– Adoption Studies
– Misinterpreting Behavior Genetics
Findings
– Genetics and the Etiology of
Psychopathology
• Individual Differences
• Species-Typical Characteristics
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Psychological Factors
• Basic Human Motivations and
Temperament
– Evolutionary Psychology
– Attachment Theory
– Dominance
– Temperament
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Psychological Factors
• Emotions and Emotional
Systems
– Emotions
• Learning and Cognition
– Modeling
– Cognition and Social Cognition
• Attributions
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Psychological Factors
• The Sense of Self
– Identity
– Self-control
– Self-efficacy
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Psychological Factors
• Stages of Development
– Developmental Stage
• Freud
• Erikson
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Freud’s and Erikson’s Theories
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
*
Social Factors
• Relationships and Psychopathology
– Marital Status and Psychopathology
– Social Relationships
• Self Support
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Social Factors
• Research Close-Up:
– Marriage and Mental Health
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Social Factors
• Gender and Gender Roles
– Gender Roles
• Prejudice and Poverty
• Societal Values
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004
*
Social Factors
• Getting Help
Copyright Prentice Hall 2004