Science and Technology Indicators of Sri Lanka

Science and Technology Indicators of Sri

Lanka

Sri Lanka

Dr. P.R.M.P. Dilrukshi

Science and Technology Policy Research Division

National Science Foundation

Sri Lanka www.nsf.ac.lk

dilrukshi@nsf.ac.lk

Presentation Layout

1. Country Profile

2. History of R&D data collection in Sri Lanka

3. Present status of collecting R&D statistics

4. Summary of R&D indicators of Sri Lanka

5. Usage of S&T indicators in the country

6. Problems faced by Survey team during the R&D survey

Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,

Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk

Country Profile

 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, known as Ceylon before

1972, is an island in South Asia, located about 31 kilometers (19.3 mile) off the southern coast of India.



Total land area is 65,610 square km

 Mid year population in 2008 is 20.2 million



Female: Male ratio (2002) 52:48



Density of population, person per sq. km. 322

 Average Literacy rate 91. 3% (male: 92.8, Female 77.9)



Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 11

 Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 58

 Expectation of life at birth, 71.9 years



Human Development Index (2007) : 102 (Rank among 182 countries)

 Prosperity Index (2007): 0.759



History of R&D data collection in Sri Lanka

•

The mandate to collect S&T statistics was provided to the

National Science Council (NSC) of Sri Lanka the predecessor of National Science Foundation in 1967.

•

The earliest study on S&T indicators was carried out in

1970 to assess the scientific resources in Sri Lanka in term of public expenditure on Research and Development by the

Ceylon Institute for scientific & industrial Research (CISIR) predecessor of Industrial Technology Institute (ITI)

•

A subsequent survey was conducted to measure the

Scientific and technical manpower in the country in 1972 by the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science presently known as the Sri Lanka Association for the

Advancement of Science (SLAAS).

Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri

Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk

History of R&D data collection in Sri Lanka contd.

•

The first systematically designed survey on scientific and technical manpower potential in the country was carried out in 1974 by the National

Science Council (NSC) following the guidelines prepared by the UNESO.

•

In 1977 National Science Council (NSC) carried out it’s 2 nd major survey which included an assessment of funding for basic and applied research in the country for 10 year period from 1956 to 1965 and technical manpower during 1977.



History of R&D data collection in Sri Lanka

•

The 3 rd study of the series was carried out in

1984 by the Natural Resource Energy

Authority (NARESA) which was the successor of NSC and predecessor of

National Science Foundation (NSF).



History of R&D data collection in Sri Lanka contd.

•

The 4 th comprehensive survey carried out by

NARESA in 1996 covering higher education, government, industrial and private non profit sectors.

This is the first comprehensive survey of R&D in the country and done according to the standard specified by OECD Frascati Manual.

•

The 5 th Survey was carried out in year 2000 by the

NSF the successor to NSC and NARESA. The survey only covered the higher education sector and S&T public sector following the UNESCO guidelines and

OECD Frascati Manual.



Present status of collecting

R&D statistics in Sri Lanka

•

After establishment of Science and Technology

Policy Research Division at the NSF the regular

R&D survey commenced in 2006 covering all

Science and Technology sectors.

•

The R&D survey conducted biannually.

•

Accordingly three surveys completed in 2006, 2008 and 2010 to measure the status of R&D in the country pertaining to 2004, 2006 and 2008 respectively.



Present status of collecting

R&D statistics in Sri Lanka

Contd.

•

Preliminary preparation are being made to carry out survey for 2010 and survey planned to commenced on April 2011



National Research Experiment and Development

Survey

Sri Lanka (R&D Survey)

•

Conduct Every two Years

•

Data collection done according to the fiscal year (survey start on

31 st March of the survey year)

•

Follow OECD (Frascati and Canbara Manuals) and UNESCO definitions and standard



Scope of the Survey

 All higher education Sector Institution

 All R&D Institutions

 All government and private sector Institutions work in the areas in Science and Technology



All S&T service sector organizations including

Ministries, Department, Statutory Boards etc.



Business enterprise sector (Select representing sample only)



Non Profit Private sector organizations and

Non Government organizations



Survey Methodology

5 types of questionnaires use to collect data as follows:

1. Higher Education

2. R&D Institute/Units/Individual doing R&D

3. S&T service sector

4. Business sector enterprises

5. Non Profit Local/Foreign Organizations



Data collection Methodology

Higher Education Sector:

•

MOU has been singed with University Grant

Commission (UGC) to collect data pertaining to the government university system in 2006

•

UGC is provided with questionnaires and relevant definitions and guidelines for the data collection.

•

The survey frame include all Faculties, Department ,

Institutions, units comes under the S&T sector



Data Collection Methodology

Contd .

•

Private sector Higher Education Institutes, all R&D Institutes, S&T service sector institutes and other government institutions involve in S&T activities are collected by NSF/STPRD staff by visiting the institutions and following a. Direct interview method b. Training appointed person from the particular institution and collecting information through that contact person (An honorarium payment is made to this contact person) c. Directly employing questionnaire mailing method and giving guidelines for data collection through e-mail/over the phone

•

Non profit sector data collection: is done by the staff of the STPRD/NSF though direct interview method and questionnaire mailing method.



Data collection Methodology

Contd .

Business Enterprise sector data collection:



Outsource data collection to the Department of Census and

Statistics Sri Lanka.



Data collection done through direct interview method by enumerators trained by the NSF Staff.



Survey frame selected proportionately representing all

Industrial categories.



Only 250 industries selected to conduct the survey.



Data collection completed within two months period.



Collecting Data of S&T Human

Resources

Data collection done through two questionnaires

1. Human resources involve in R&D (Researchers,

Technicians /equivalent staff and Supporting staff)

2. Human resources involve in S&T related activities

(S&T Scientists, Technicians and Supporting staff directly involve in S&T service activities )



Calculatting R&D Personnel (FTE)

•

Method employed: Number of days spend on R&D work per week by person is asked in the questionnaire. If a person do work related to R&D more than 4 hours per day it taken as one day. If it is less than 4 hours that taken as ½ a day. Accordingly, the time spend on R&D per week is calculated and from that percentage of time per month on R&D work is calculated. This extrapolated for a different institutions and average number of person in each category working fulltime calculated accordingly.



Status of Sri Lankan S&T

Science and Technology Policy Research Division

Indicators Developed

Measure S&T statistics in two terms

1 . Input indicators in term of investment, expenditure and human resources in S&T.

2. Output indicators in term of publications, patent and innovation

Science and Technology Policy Research Division

Indicators of R&D Expenditure

Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7,


Year

1966

1975

1984

1993

1996

2000

2004

2006

2008

Gross Expenditure on R&D

(GERD) in Sri Lanka 1966-2008

GDP Per

(Current price)

Rs. million

GERD

Rs.

Million

(US$)

GERD as percentag e of GDP

Total

Population million

GERD Per million population

Rs. million

7,529 20 (4.2) 0.30

11.5

1.7

11,100

142,700

499,800

769,900

45(6.4)

257.0 (9.7)

649.0(13.1)

1,410.0 (23)

1,258,000 1,810.0 (22.9)

1,800,750 3,807.5 (40.9)

2,939,000 5,119.19 (47.9)

4,410,682 5,047.73 (46.1)

0.40

0.18

0.13*

0.18

0.14*

0.21

0.17

0.11

13.5

15.6

17.6

18.3

18.4

19.4

19.8

20.2

3.3

16.5

36.8

77.0

98.4

196.2

258.5

249.9



6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Gross Expenditure on R&D

0.45

0.3

0.4

0.18

0.13

0.18

0.14

0.21

0.17

1966 1975 1984 1993 1996 2000 2004 2006 2008

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.11

0.1

0.05

0

0.4

0.35

0.3

GERD

GERD%



National expenditure on

R&D by source of funding

Source of funding Recurrent

Government 3,078.79

Private

Foreign

(61.0%)

814.54

(16.1%)

171.91

Other

Total

(3.4%)

159.27

(3.2%)

4,224.57

Capital

545.62

(10,82)

189.47

(3.8%)

43.61

(0.9%)

44.46

(0.9%)

823.16

Total

3,624.41

(71.8%)

1,004.01

(19.9%)

215.58

(4.3%)

203.73

(4.0%)

5,047.73

Source: R&D Survey 2008



National Expenditure on R&D

1996-2008




National Expenditure on R&D by sector 2004-2008

Year




National expenditure on R&D (GERD) by nature of research activities

2004-2008




GERD by Discipline




S&T Human Resources



STP

Science and Technology Personnel

(STP)2004-2006

50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

10 000

0

2004 2006 2008

Higher Education State Private Total

STP Include all Scientists a Technologists, Technicians, Supporting Staff involve in S&T research, Service and Management activities




Number of R&D Scientists and

Technicians (Head counts) by

Sector 2006-2008

Technicians

Scientists

Technicians

Scientists

0% 20%

Higher Education

40%

State

60% 80% 100%

Private and NGO




Distribution of R&D scientists

(FTE) by Sector 2004-2008

1 600

1 200

800

400

0

2004 2006 2008

Higher Education State Private&NGO




Performance Indicators for

Science and Technology



1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2008

Number of patents registered

Year in Sri Lanka 1997-2008

Resident Non resident Total

1997

1998

65

44

96

97

161

141

78

59

71

62

59

99

103

68

89

56

53

91

85

101

69

104

69

70

179

128

175

118

112

190

188

137

159




Publications trends in the SCI journals by Sri Lankan Scientists in

2004-2008

303

2008

2007

269

2006

2005

233

239

231

2004

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Number of publications in SCI

No. with foreign co-authorers Total




Use of S&T Indicators in

Sri Lanka

S&T Indicators use by:

• National Science Foundation for selecting priority areas for funding R&D, human resource development, facilitating Industry Institute partnership (IIP) and technology transfer activities etc.

• S&T Policy Planning activities and formulating

S&T strategic plan by the Ministry of Research and

Technology.



Use of S&T Indicators in

Sri Lanka

•

Use by Ministry of Finance & Planning for devoting funds for S&T activities and human resource development.

•

Use by higher education sector for human resource training.

•

Use for academic purposes.

•

STPRD/NSF submit data to UIS since 2004.



Problems associated with collecting information for R&D

Survey

•

Lack of awareness of people on the importance of having S&T statistics and lack of inadequate knowledge to use it for planning purposes etc.

•

Reluctance of the people to give information specially concerning budgetary information.



Problems associated with collecting information for R&D

Survey

•

Difficulty in demarcating boundaries between

R&D, Innovation and manufacturing in the industrial sector.

•

Difficulty in categorizing industries into the disciplines use in higher education, S&T

Service and R&D sectors (e.g.

natural science, Engineering Technology etc.).



Acknowledgments

•

UNESCO Institute of Statistics

•

UNESCO Kathmandu

•

Ministry of Science and Technology, Nepal

•

Director and Management Board of the National Science

Foundation

•

Head/ Science and Technology Policy Research Division



•

THANK YOU !

Science and Technology Indicators of Sri Lanka

Science and Technology Indicators of Sri

Lanka

Presentation Layout

Country Profile

Present status of collecting

R&D statistics in Sri Lanka

Contd.

Scope of the Survey

Survey Methodology

Indicators Developed

Gross Expenditure on R&D

GERD by Discipline

S&T Human Resources

•

THANK YOU !

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