Chapter 11.2
•Louisiana Purchase Effects
•Lewis & Clark Exploration
•Burr Conspiracy
•Election of 1804
•Embargo Act
•Start of the War of 1812
Does the President have the right to purchase land if
it is not expressed in the US Constitution?
Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction
to justify his decision (“consistently inconsistent”
“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a
guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing
an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when
of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to
bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the
scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for
you.”
Madison to Jefferson
“Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a
larger area of land.”
LP Constitutional ?
Does the President have the right to purchase
land if it is not expressed in the US
Constitution?
•Hamilton and Federalists were against this purchase
•Why? Population shift to the south or west would add
to the Democrat-Republican Party strength.
•Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian society”
•Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of democracy”
LP Constitutional ?
Effects of the Purchase
• *Nearly doubled the size of the US (828,000
ACRES)
• US avoided war with France & an entangling alliance
with Britain.
• Removes a European power from the continent
• Acquired rest of richest river valley in the world
(Mississippi River)
• Established Precedent- acquiring foreign territory by
purchase Not War
• Opened door to Oregon territory (window to Pacific;
trade with Asia) Oregon Trail
• Expanded the power of the federal government
• Robert Livingston brought home ideas about steam
powered travel (will lead to development of the
steamboat)
Expansion of the United States
Map 6 of 45
Expansion of the United States
with Louisiana Purchase 1803
Map 7 of 45
•Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends
personal secretary Meriwether
Lewis and army officer William Clark
to explore north Louisiana
•The Corp of Discovery: 28 men
who accompanied Lewis/Clark.
•Exploration yielded maps,
knowledge of Indians, overland trail
to Pacific (Oregon Trail)
•President Jefferson wanted to find
the Northwest Passage
•United States’ claim to the Pacific
Northwest
•2 ½ year journey!
•Interpreter and guide for Lewis
and Clark
•Her knowledge of trails and
mountain passes helped with
the success of the expedition.
•She was also a “diplomat” for
Lewis and Clark. Many tribes
had never seen white men
before.
•Her presence with a baby was
looked upon as good and
Lewis and Clark were
considered peaceful.
Map LP/3
Jeffersonian Restraint
By the time Jefferson took office, the hated Alien & Sedition Acts had
expired.
• Jefferson pardoned those serving sentences & negated fines.
• 1802- Congressional Jeffersonian enacted a new naturalization law
which reduced the requirement of 14 years residence to be a US citizen
to 5 years.
• Jefferson ended the excise tax (hated by farmers)= cost the US
government $1 million/year.
• Sec. of Treasury (Albert Gallatin)- reduced national debt & balanced the
budget.
Jefferson DID NOT interfere with many Federalist policies:
• Funding national debt at par & assumption of state revolutionary war
debts
• Did not attack the Bank of the US
• Did nor repeal the Tariff
• * Jefferson had absorbed some Federalist programs
The Impeachment of Salmon Chase
1804
As revenge for the Marbury v. Madison ruling,
Jefferson urged the impeachment of Supreme
Court Justice Salmon Chase.
•1804-House of Representatives charged
Chase
•Guilt or innocence would be decided by
Senate- (had to prove he had committed “high
crimes or misdemeanors”).
•**The Senate failed to get enough votes to
convict Chase
Jefferson, Reluctant Warrior
One of Jefferson’s first actions as President was to reduce the size of the
military to 2,500 officers & men.
•Hoped America would avoid bloody wars & Europe’s entangling alliances.
•America would set an example of “peaceful coercion”
•Republicans also distrusted large standing armies.
•Jefferson saw no need in developing a navy.
Jefferson Takes on the Barbary Pirates
•Jefferson did not wish to continue paying bribes
•1801-Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the US
•Jefferson sent the small US navy & Marine to Tripoli
•1805-Jefferson force Tripoli to accept peace at the cost of $60,000
•Next, Jefferson built the “mosquito fleet”—small American
gunboats to protect US shores---not very effective.
Secretly forming a political
pact with some radical New
England Federalists (Essex
Junto).
Burr planned to win the
governorship of New York in
1804.
Unite that state with the New
England states, and then lead
this group of states to secede
from the nation
Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in
opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election
The conspiracy then disintegrated
embargo1
Angered that Hamilton
had exposed his
conspiracy.
Burr challenged the
Federalist leader to a
duel and fatally shot
him
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their
last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many
embargo1
In 1806, Burr planned to
take Mexico from Spain
and possibly unite it with
Louisiana under his rule
Jefferson learned of the
conspiracy and ordered
Burr’s arrest and trial for
treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on
Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the
lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr.
Burr left the US until 1811
Election 1804
• Thomas Jefferson reelected (George
Clinton is new VP) Burr dropped from the
Democrat-Republican ticket.
• Jefferson defeated Federalist Charles
Pinckney (Federalist)
• 162-14
Note how many states the Federalist Party carried? What might
this mean for their future?
War Between Britain vs. France
• Napoleon renewed the war with BritainLasted 11 years
• America is the #1 neutral carrier since
1793= made big bucks trading to both.
• Battle of Trafalgar (1805)- Britain beat
Spanish & French fleets= Britain is top sea
power.
• Battle of Austerlitz- Napoleon gained
supremacy of the land (Europe)
• Both now fought without clear supremacy
Orders-in-council
(1806)
British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-incouncil passed in 1806 permitted the impressment of
sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports
from which Britain was excluded unless they first went
to Britain and traded for British goods.
Napoleonic Decrees: Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree
(1807):
Berlin Decree- closed all European ports to ships that
had docked at British ports.
Milan Decree- allowed for seizure of all ships & cargo
from ships which were bound for British ports.
Impressments
An act of kidnapping
a ship, its contents,
men and forcing
them into your navy
1806: England closed
ports under French
control to foreign shipping
(incl. US), seized US ships
& impressed Americans
(6OOO -1808-1811).
Napoleon ordered seizure
of all merchant ships that
entered British ports.
Chesapeake affair
•1807, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of
Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed
Chesapeake article
Regarding the Chesapeake
Affair, the Washington
Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any
occasion, witnessed the spirit
of the people excited to so
great a degree of indignation,
or such a thirst for revenge,
as on hearing of the late
unexampled outrage on the
Chesapeake. All parties,
ranks and professions were
unanimous in their
detestation of the dastardly
deed, and all cried aloud for
vengeance.”
Most Americans were angered over this incident and
public opinion was to go to war with the British.
*The Embargo Act (1807-1809)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
“Peaceful coercion”
Forbade export of all goods from US OR ON Foreign
ships
Hurt the US economy more than it hurt Europe
Smuggling through Canada increased
***forced the US to create Industry= Beginning of 1st Industrial
Revolution
** temporarily revived the Federalist Party
Act was repealed in 1809 WHY?
Overestimated dependence on US goods (S. America)
Underestimated Europe’s resolve
Embargo unpopular at home
embargo1
embargo2
A Federalist circular in Massachusetts
against the embargo cried out,
“Let every man who holds the name of
America dear to him , stretch forth his hands
and put this accursed thing, this Embargo
from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty,
of God, and your country; nerve your arms
with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson)
who would wrest the inestimable germ of
your Independence from you---and you shall
be Conquerors!!!”
•American people were
hostile towards Jefferson
•Referred to the Embargo
as “Dambargo, Mobrage,
Go Bar Em”….
•Would be replaced by the
Non-Intercourse Act by
President Madison which
allowed U.S. exports and
trade but not with France
and Great Britain……
“Our ships all in motion,
Once whiten’d the ocean;
They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo;
Now doom’d to decay
They are fallen a prey,
To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”
The Election of 1808
• Jefferson left presidency or “splendid misery” after 2
Terms
• Virginian James Madison was favored by Jefferson as
next president
• Madison defeats Charles Pinckney (Federalist) easily
• VP –George Clinton
• War in Europe was nearing a climax
The Non-Intercourse Act
(1809)
• Formally reopened trade with all nations of
the world EXCEPT Britain & France (the
two most important to US trade).
• Stayed in effect until 1812.
*Macon’s Bill No. 2 & Madison’s
Gamble
•
•
1.
2.
Non-Intercourse Act- due to expire in 1810
Congress tore embargo down with Macon’s Bill No. 2
Reopened US trade with all the world
If either Britain or France would repeal its restrictions on US
shipping, US would embargo the other nation.
Madison did not like the bill!
•
1810 France (Napoleon) announced it MIGHT repeal its
restrictions on US IF Britain lifted its Orders of Council.
•
Madison accepted the French offer- gave British 3 months to
lift Orders of Council
•
Britain controlled sea & refused to lift restrictions
•
Madison's gamble failed
The War Hawks
• The “War Hawks”- new young members elected to
the 12th Congress from the South & West; advocated
war with Britain.
• Henry Clay, Felix Grundy, John C. Calhoun
• Western war hawks- want to wipe out Indian threat to
white settlers in trans-Alleghany.
• Convinced the British in Canada are inciting INDIANS
• Westerners – “On to Canada…”; Southerners eyed
Florida.
Tecumseh & the Prophet
• Put together a confederacy of east Mississippi Indians
to stop flow of white settlers
• Encouraged followers to stop using textile clothing
(manufactured), stop use of alcohol, no ceding of land
to whites unless all Indians agreed.
• 1811- William Henry Harrison (territorial governor of
Indiana) led army against the Prophet & Shawnees.
• *Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)- William Henry
Harrison defeated the Prophet & drove Tecumseh to
Canada.
• Tecumseh died in 1813 at Battle of Thames.
• ** NO INDIAN CONFEDERACY
*Mr. Madison’s War
• Spring 1812- believed war with Britain inevitable
• Madison believed war would restore OUR confidence in
republican experiment.
• Vigorous assertion of US rights= viable nationhood & democracy
America at War & Divided
• June 1, 1812- Madison asked Congress for declaration of war.
• US Congress -79-49 & Senate 19-13= divided
• Southerners & Westerners & Republicans from middle states
supported the war
• Federalists North & South hated the war= “Mr. Madison’s War”
• Federalist strongholds sent supplies & traded with Britain