CH. 6
POST WAR CANADA
1950 & 60s
“Do You Remember These?” video.
THE CHANGING FACE OF CANADA
1950s WOMEN
(Stay-at-home, femininity,
resentment)
Read “When He Comes
Home From Work”
SUBURBS/ AUTOMOBILE
TV / CONSUMERS
(Ed Sullivan, Mickey, Roy Rogers)
(Appliances, Barbie, Sugar Cereals)
TEEN CULTURE
(Boomers, Guides/Scouts, Educated,
Rockers/Elvis - No hip shots),
MASSEY COMMISSION
Protect Can.Identity
(CRTC, CBC, NFB)
IMMIGRATION
- 1945-60 = 2 MILLION
1956 HUNGARIAN REV.
- 37 000
LIBERALS
NEW TIMES NEW
LEADERSHIP
King - 1948 St. Laurent – 1957
“Uncle Louis (p. 180 )


Mackenzie King retired in 1948.
Louis St. Laurent took over
P.C. - Diefenbaker
1949 - Newfoundland
– Social welfare, hospital insurance, Canadian culture,
Canadian autonomy.
– Brought a bankrupt Newfoundland into confederation.
» Centralization resettlement program still resented.

John Diefenbaker won 1957 election.
– T.V. suited his personality
– 1st Western PM
DUPLESSI & QUEBEC NATIONALISM
Original Quebec Flag
(Note – Maple Leaf, fleurDe-lys, Sacred Heart of
Jesus, blue & white was
Sam. de Champlain flag
-Duplessi & Union Nationale Party = ‘Distinct Nation.’
- Catholic Church defended Quebec culture.
- Duplessi encouraged foreign $ = jobs / anti-union.
- corrupt – ‘Duplessis Orphans / ‘The Great Darkness era
POST WAR PROSPERITY
Canada’s post war economy.
SPREADING THE WEALTH
- Prov. Gov’ts reluctantly gave Feds.
- new laws set to give old jobs back.
- war years = service years.
- women encouraged to leave factories.
- free tuition / living allowances for
schooling.
- Veteran’s Land Act – low mortgages.
CANADIAN POSITVES
- Alberta oil = boom towns.
- Ontario manufacturing (ie auto).
- Increased infrastructure.
- American investment (good???)
- Rise of the Labour movement.
- wages, hours, benefits, etc.
- WW II modernized Canada.
taxation powers.(for ed. Health etc)
- Equalization transfer payments to
‘have-nots.’
- Tax breaks promoting industry.
Remember Rosie’s
original purpose?
With the good comes the bad!
WWII – EAST MEETS WEST
IVAN MEETS GI JOE
X
THE IRON CURTAIN
Compare NATO & the Warsaw
Pact to the ‘Iron Curtain”
THE COLD WAR
After WW II, a war of propaganda and fear materialized
between the USA and the Soviet Union. No shots were
fired but the two superpowers stockpiled nuclear weapons.
Canada sided with the USA.
THE ISSUES
Soviet Union vs.USA
Communism vs. Capitalism
Gov’t Control vs. Private Enterprise.
No Opposition vs. Basic Freedoms.
Soviet Expansion (E. Europe) = American Suspicion.
Vice-versa – Soviets feared US expansion.
Did ‘Nukes’
create peace?
The Cold War 19451991
Iron Curtain –
A term used by
Winston Churchill
to describe the
separating of
Those communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
COLD WAR AT
HOME
DUCK & COVER
Gouzenko’s story sparked fear:
- Bomb Shelters
- Civil Defence Plans
DUCK & COVER VIDEO
- “Duck & Cover” campaigns
- The “Red Mennace”
- McCarthy’s ‘Witchhunts’(USA)
- Can. refused to outlaw
Communism.
Igor Gouzenko – Russian spy who came
forward to notify authorities – no one
believed him at first. Atomic secrets.
WESTERN RESPONSES
TO THE COLD WAR
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Org.)
(1949)
US, Canadian, & Western Europe defence organization.
» Attack one – Attack all!!
» Soviets responded with
‘The Warsaw Pact’(1951).
– St. Laurent pushed for Canada’s
middle power involvement.
» Canada adapted defence to align with NATO.
U.S. Marshal Plan
 Smart??? Independence???
$ to help poor European Nations
WESTERN RESPONSES (cont.)
NORAD
(North American Aerospace
Defence Command)
Defienbaker committed to a joined US/Can.
fighter force, missile bases, & air defence. NORAD - Today
US military in Can. caused
many Canadians alarm.
DEW
(Distant Early Warning Sign)
– A joint system of radar was put in place to
warn/protect N. Amer. from attack.
- Long range bombers put N. America at risk.
CANADA’S
AVRO ARROW
CANADIAN CREATED
- Top-notch technology
- Employed thousands
- Expensive
Diefenbaker Cancelled
- Scientists left Canada – To U.S.
- Crippled Can. air industry
- Bomarc Missiles cheaper
U.S. created / U.S. relations
- Huge controversy (good/bad???)
PLANNING FOR PEACE
THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)
Collective Security - Formed after WW II to
keep peace
Two bodies: General Assembly (all members) 10 rotating
Security Council. (Super Powers)
League of Nations
Approximately 200 Member States (192)
The Security Councils ‘veto’
- prevented effectiveness
- the Soviets vetoed 75 of the 78 times.
The UN also pledged to abolish
disease, famine & help improve
human rights. (WHO, UNICEF, IMF)
Canada involved in almost every
UN operation since 1956.
BERLIN
BERLIN
1945 - After WW II Germany was divided
between East & West.
- Berlin = also divided between East & West
- democratic city within E. Germany
1948 – Berlin Airlift. U.S. airlifted supplies.
- US $ & new democratic gov’t broke Yalta agreement.
=> Stalin was mad.
1961 - East Germans built the Berlin Wall
-‘Wall of Shame’- to keep ‘fascism out.’ OR in?????
1990 – Berlin Wall crumbles.
“We are staying ,
period.”
Soviets – “What happens in Berlin happens in Europe”
Wounded in
action story.
KOREA
THE KOREAN CONFLICT
-Communist north (Soviet /Chinese) vs.
Democratic south (USA)
-UN to help south
(Soviet boycott due to no
Communist Chinese seat)
Gen. MacArthur
- WW III ??? MacArthur threatened
Nukes & Chinese invasion.
-1953 = ceasefire – tensions escalated
=> Vietnam 1960s.
-Korea = “Canada’s Forgotten War”
(25 000 soldiers / 2000 dead or wounded)
SUEZ CANAL /
EGYPT
SUEZ CRISIS – 1956
-Nasser takes power &
accepts Communist arms.
- West pulls dam $$$.
- Nasser took over Canal. Egypt and the
Suez Canal
- Brt., Fr., Israel =
‘Operation Musketeer’
- Soviets defended Egypt (Bomb??).
- USA angry & caught in Middle
PM Pearson awarded
- PM Pearson initiated
Nobel Peace Prize
UN peacekeeping.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
Cuban Cigars
Fidel Castro
1959 – Fidel Castro overthrows pro-US dictator Batista.Nationalized
Pro-US Cuba
US Reaction – Trade Sanctions imposed.
1961 – Kennedy approves Bay of Pigs invasion.
Cuban Reaction – Turn to USSR for help
Munroe Doctrine – See Below
1962 – US surveillance shows Soviet Missiles
US Reaction – Naval & Air Blockade
Khrushev refused to remove missiles.
WAR????? US & USSR = ALERT
CONCLUSION – USSR removes missiles but
US must agree not to invade Cuba (Missiles out of Turkey?? / Not Public)
CANADA
PM Diefenbaker
Munroe Doctrine
No ‘unfriendlies’ near USA
- Asked for UN checks before
total commitment .
-US upset and questioned
Canada’s loyalty to NORAD
-80% of Canadians felt ‘Dief’
was wrong.
KENNEDY VS. DIEFENBAKER
10 Reasons why they hated each other!
THE TREE
SOCIAL STATUS
Dief. = Lawyer who defended less fortunate.
JFK hurt his back planting a
JFK = Came from rich family
Ceremomial tree for Can.’s GG
ELECTION DELAY
THE DOCUMENT
Dief congrats after election.
JFK did not reply until Dief inquired why
JFK REFERRED TO Dief as an SOB
and got caught.
NAME CALLING
THE NUKES
Dief was sensitive about German name (WWII)
JFK called him “Diefenbawker”…..’Twice’
Dief would not let JFK plant nukes without
Can. terms approved.
THE FRENCH
Dief spoke poor Fr. but tried.
JFK spoke better & rubbed his nose in it.
THE ORG OF AMER. STATES
JFK publically called out Dief for not joining
THE BOREDOM
JFK found Dief boring & preferred to talk
to rival Peason.
JFK - “Don’t leave me alone with Dief”
THE ELECTION
JFK HELPED Pearson win
election over Dief.
VIETNAM WAR
Fr. War = 1946-54
BACK GROUND
USA
= 1961-75
Ex-French Colony => WW II / Japan / Post War US-USSR
N. = Commi / S. = Democratic-Dictator
USA feared Domino Effect
1st =Advisors=>Supplies=>60s = Soldiers.
USSR & China sent weapons & aid to North
Ho Chi Minh
17th
Parallel
Diem
=>et al
AMERICAN REACTION
Tet Offensive proved N. V. = worthy opponent
First TV war – Turned American public.
Jungle War vs Mighty USA
CANADA’S REACTION
VIETNAM ENDS
Bombs > WW II
Agent Orange
50/50 => Anti-war
Pre-Natal
Nixon to office – pull out troops
Opted out – Volunteers to US Exposure
North smashes South
Anti-Draft groups for Draft-dodgers
US questioned Canada’s loyalty
Supporters = Re-education Camps
Pearson / Johnson feud after US bombs
Refugees (Boat People)
1980s COLD WAR
COLD WAR CONTINUES
Note – In 1970s USSR winning arms race; 1980s Reagan
was to change that.
USA - increases budget
- Supported questionable right wing gov’ts
-Nicaragua - US supported Contras????
USSR – Supported Pro-Communist struggles.
EVENTS – USSR shoots down S. Korean
airliner over Soviet airspace.
- USA invades Communist Grenada (Caribbean)
CANADA – Trudeau appeals to both for more restraint.
SALT – Limit Arms Race
Mulroney forge closer US ties.
1983 Strategic Defence Initiative
(‘Star Wars’)
Can. Eventually backed out.
Too much $ & US ties.
Soviets criticized as $ encouraging more ‘Nukes’
THE END
OF THE
COLD WAR
Mid 80s Gorbachev’s USSR
could not keep pace ($$$)
- Proposed massive cuts
- Perestroika – Reconstruction
- Glasnost – Openess
- Encourage other Soviet Bloc
nations to follow.
1991 USSR had collapsed.
Member Republics =
Independence
Yeltsin = Democracy
CHINA
Encouraged Peresroika
=> Capitalism
Freedoms crushed in
Tianaanmen
Square