Do Now 11/12
• Cornell Notes – Look Inside Cells
• Get Book page 510
• Question: What are cells?
Cells are the smallest units of all
living things.
The Cell
• If we look at the structure of a school, what is the basic
makeup of our building?
• Plants and Animals are made up of many cells, while some
living things consist of only a single cell.
• The Human body has over TEN TRILLION CELLS!
• Cells are the smallest units of life, and are
the basic units of structure and function of
all living things.
Who Discovered the Cell?
• Robert Hooke was an English scientist who
was the first person to see cells.
• He used a simple microscope to see thin
slices of cork (it is found in some plants).
• He observed small boxes that seemed to
resemble rooms that monks slept in
(cells).
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first
person to observe living cells.
• He saw single cell organisms in droplets of
pond water.
The Cell Theory
• The cell theory state the following:
–1) All living things are composed of
cells.
–2) Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things.
–3) All cells are produced from other
cells.
Cell Organization Set 1
• Structure and Function
– Cells have several things in common and
come in two basic types (eukaryotic and
prokaryotic).
– They all have a Membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleus, and other main organelles.
– Cells are also broken up into two basic kinds
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Two Kinds of Cells
• Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic
– A cell with a true
– A cell without a true
Nucleus
Nucleus
– Nuclear Material is
– Nuclear Material is
inside a membrane
present, but not inside a
membrane.
– Ex. Animals and Plants
– Ex. Bacteria
– Multicellular Organisms
– Single Celled organisms
Set up your notes like this on your Paper
*Make sure to leave plenty of space for each*
Organelles-
Organelle
Name
1. Cell
Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
Definition/
Function
Picture
1.
Cell Membrane
• Definition/Function – A thin layer that
encloses the cell and controls the movement
of materials into and out of the cell.
– It offers shape and protection for the cell.
– selectively permeable – only certain
materials pass through regulates the flow of
materials.
2.
Cytoplasm
• Definition/Function – Fluid within
the cell.
–Contains proteins, nutrients, and
all other cell organelles!
–The cell is mostly made up of this.
3.
Nucleus
• Definition/Function – A round organelle found
near the center of the cell and is usually
darker in color
–Controls all the cells activities
–Contains DNA and controls the
activities of a cell (this is very
important).
Do Now 11/13
• PBIS CHART OUT
• GET BOOK PAGES 524 AND 525
• GET OUT CORNELL NOTES FROM
YESTERDAY
• QUESTION: Which type of cells have a
true nucleus?
Plant vs. Animal Cell
Lets Set Sail and Enter the Cell
• 4. Cell Wall
–Definition - Is a rigid layer that
surrounds the cells of plants.
–Found ONLY in PLANT cells.
–Function - Helps to protect and
support life, allows water and oxygen
to pass through.
The next obstacle to sail through would be the Cell Membrane, which we covered already *
Lets Continue Our Voyage to the Nucleus
• 5. Nuclear Envelope
–Definition - This is the membrane that
surrounds the nucleus.
–Functions - Just like a mailing envelope
protects the letter inside it, the nuclear
envelope protects the nucleus.
–Contains pores that allow materials to
pass in and out of the nucleus.
Sailing Around the Cytoplasm
• 6. Mitochondria
–Definition/Function – Rod-shaped
structures that are know as the
‘powerhouses’ of the cells. This is
because they convert energy in food to
energy the cell can use
• helps carry out the cells functions
6.
Ribosomes
• Definition/Function – Work under the
direction of the nucleus to make proteins
–Attached to the surfaces of the
Endoplasmic Reticulum. (ROUGH)
–These proteins will be transported to
the Golgi Bodies.
7.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Definition - Network of tunnels running
from nucleus to Golgi bodies.
–Function: carry proteins and materials
to the Golgi bodies and other parts of
the cell
–Rough ER contains ribosomes,
–Smooth ER does not have ribosomes
8.
Golgi Bodies
• Definition/Structure – Receive
proteins and other newly formed
materials from the ER, package
them, and distribute them to other
parts of the cell.
9.
Chloroplasts
• Definition/Function – Capture energy
from sunlight and use it to produce food
for the cell. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
–Chloroplasts make leaves green.
–Found in PLANTS ONLY!
10.
Vacuoles
• Definition/Structure – These are the baglike structure that is the storage area of
cells.
–Might store food or any variety of
nutrients a cell might need to survive.
–Most plants have one large vacuole.
–Some animal cells have small vacuoles
11.
Lysosomes
• Definition/Function – Small, round
structures containing chemicals that
break down certain materials in a cell.
–Also break down old cell parts and
release a chemical so that they can be
used again.
–Only in ANIMAL cells
Do Now 11/ 14 Which Cell is this and
Why? You Can list
Cells Compared to a School?
• If we break a cell down into the different
parts, each organelle has a different job or
function.
• If we break down a school (like we did
yesterday) just like we can a cell, it also has
many different functioning parts.
• Lets see if we can compare cell and school
parts as we go through this set of organelles.
Cell Compared to a School
• http://www.slideshare.net/watler/a-cell-islike-a-school1
• http://www.slideshare.net/TyFRYGUY/systemof-a-cell-compared-to-the-system-of-a-school
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Amoeba
The amoeba is a protozoan that belongs
to the Kingdom Protista. The name
ameba comes from the Greek word
amoibe, which means change. Some
protozoans are considered plant-like
while others are considered animal-like.
The amoeba is considered animal-like
because it moves and consumes its food.
Protists are classified by how they move.
The amoeba creeps along by stretching its
cytoplasm into fingerlike extensions
called pseudopodia. (meaning "false
foot".) When looking at amoeba under a
microscope, an observer will note that no
amoeba looks the same as any other, the
cell membrane is very flexible and allows
for the ameba to change shape.
Amoeba Moving
There are two types of cytoplasm in the
amoeba, the darker cytoplasm toward
the interior (middle) is called
endoplasm, and the clearer cytoplasm
that is found near the cell membrane is
called ectoplasm. By pushing the
endoplasm toward the cell membrane, it
causes its body to extend and creep
along.
It is also by this method that the
amoeba consumes its food. The
pseudopodia extend out and wrap
around a food particle in a process
called phagocytosis. The engulfed food
then becomes a food vacuole. The food
will eventually be digested by the cell’s
lysosomes.
Amoeba Eating
Visible in the amoeba is the nucleus. The
amoeba goes through mitosis, where the
nucleus copies its DNA and the cytoplasm
splits into two new cells, each identical to
the original. This method of reproduction
is called binary fission. Another structure
easily seen in the amoeba is the
contractile vacuole, whose job is to pump
out excess water so that the amoeba
does not burst.
During unfavorable conditions, the
amoeba can create a cyst, this hardwalled body can exist for a long
period of time until conditions
become favorable again. At this point
it opens up and the amoeba emerges.
Often cysts are created during cold or
dry periods where the amoeba could
not survive in its normal condition.
Amoebas can cause disease. A common
disease is called Amebic Dysentery. A
person becomes infected by drinking
contaminated water. The amoeba then
upsets the person's digestive system and
causes cramps and diarrhea. A person is
most likely to be infected in countries
where the water is not filtered or
purified.
Paramecium
Paramecium are unicellular protozoans
classified in the phylum Ciliophora, and
the Kingdom Protista. The paramecium
move by tiny hair-like projections
called cilia. The paramecium cannot
change its shape like the ameba
because it has a thick outer membrane
called the pellicle. The pellicle
surrounds the cell membrane.
Contractile vacuoles are also found in a
paramecium to remove the excess
water. The contractile vacuole is
shaped like a star. Paramecium are
heterotrophs, meaning they must
consume food for their energy. Food
enters the paramecium through the
mouth pore and goes to the gullet. The
area is pinched inward and is called the
oral groove.
Paramecium can respond to
temperature, food, oxygen and toxins
and have a very simple defense
mechanism. Just inside the pellicle are
threadlike organelles called trichocysts.
The paramecium can shoot tiny threads
out of the cell to entangle a predator or
to make themselves appear bigger.