Growth and Conflict: America
Grows Up
Chapters 11-16
A Second War for Independence
The War of 1812
Election of 1808
 James Madison hand-picked to succeed Jefferson
 Highly qualified; lots of governmental experience
(Continental Congress, Consitutional Convention,
Jefferson’s SoS) and well respected (Federalist papers,
“Father of the Constitution”)
 Short, quiet, intellectual,
and unassuming, he was
dominated by both his party
and his cabinet.
“All men having power
ought to be distrusted to a
certain degree.”
Effects of Napoleon’s War
 Continental System + British Orders in
Council + Impressment = Embargo Act of
1807 > Non-Intercourse Act > Macon’s Bill
No. 2
 Macon’s Bill No. 2: If
either Britain or France
repealed its commercial
restrictions, America
would restore its
embargo against the
non-repealing nation
Betting on the
Wrong Horse
 Napoleon’s foreign minister
says that the French decrees
might be lifted if Britain lifted
its Orders in Council.
 Message was deliberately
ambiguous
 Madison gambled that Britain
would repeal its restrictions
rather than see America trade
exclusively with France.
 Powerful Britain had no reason
to revoke its acts, and Madison
was forced to reestablish the
embargo on Britain
 “war hawks” – hot-headed
Congressmen from the South
and West that called for war
against Indians or the British
 Blamed British for “inciting
insurrection” amongst the tribes
 Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
(“the Prophet”), attempted to
organize a confederacy of all
tribes east of the Mississippi,
inspiring a revival of traditional
culture.
 Defeated by William Henry
Harrison, at the Battle of
Tippecanoe.
 Effectively ended the Indian
confederacy.
Fighting the
Indians
A “Second War for Independence”
 America’s reasons for entering the War of
1812:
 “Freedom of the seas”
 The possibility of territorial expansion
 To resolve Indian issues
 Defeating Britain would increase
America’s power and international
standing.
 often called the "Second War for American
Independence."
The initial goal was to conquer Canada…
…no, really.
• War Hawks demanded an
invasion of Canada and the
expulsion of Spain from
Florida
• Believed that the British
were instigating American
Indian attacks
• Slaves escaping into
Florida
• The attack was poorly planned
and poorly executed by poor
generals. The Americans lost.
The British press down towards
Washington D.C. and set fire
to the Capitol and the White
House
 Dolley Madison did not run into the
burning White House to save George
Washington’s picture.
 The Truth: Dolley refused to leave
the White House in the hours
preceding the burning of Washington
before being assured that the large
portrait of George Washington was
removed from the walls and
taken safely away from
potential destruction or
defacing by the encroaching
enemy.
War Games!
 Turning point of the war
 The British Navy fired upon Fort McHenry for
over 24 hours
 The hope was the Americans would panic,
evacuate the fort and leave Baltimore
defenseless.
 Americans fended off the attack and caused the
British to retreat
In 1814 we took a little trip,
Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississipp'
We took a little bacon and we took a little beans,
And we met the bloody British near the town of New Orleans.
Chorus:
We fired our guns and the British kept a comin'.
There wasn't nigh as many as they was a while ago.
We fired once more and they begin to runnin',
On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.
We looked down the river and we see'd the British come...
There must have been a hundred of 'em beatin' on the drum.
They stepped so high and they made their bugles ring;
While we stood beside our cotton bales and didn't say a thing.
Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise.
If we didn't fire a musket till we looked 'em in the eyes.
We held our fire till we see'd their faces well;
Then we opened up our squirrel guns and really gave 'em--Well.
Chorus
They ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles,
And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.
They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em 'em,
On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.
We fired our cannon till the barrel melted down,
So we grabbed an alligator and we poured an other round.
We put the ball between his teeth and powdered his behind,
And when we touched the powder off the 'gator lost his mind.
Chorus
They ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles,
And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.
They ran so fast that the hounds couldn't catch 'em,
On down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.
 The British targeted New
Orleans, putting the entire
Mississippi Valley in
jeopardy.
 The Battle of New Orleans
was the final major battle
of the War of 1812.
 Commanded by Major
General Andrew Jackson
 Defeated the British Army
 Occurred after the war had
officially ended
 Made Jackson an instant
celebrity and made
Americans consider the war
a “Win”
A Federalist Funeral
 New Englanders were strongly against the war
 Hartford Convention: NE Federalists met to draw
up a list of demands to end the war and prevent
future hostilities
 Wanted to require a 2/3 vote for an embargo, new state, or
war.
 Supported a one-term president
 Abolition of the Three-fifths clause in the Constitution
 There was some talk of secession.
 Presented their demands just after news of
Jackson’s victory and the end of the war.
 Made them look like unpatriotic crybabies
 The Federalist Party never recovered
Treaty of Ghent
 The Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) was an
armistice (a cease-fire) that ended the War of
1812.
 Both sides simply agreed to lay down their
arms. No land or loot was given or taken.
The main issue of the war, impressment, was
even left unmentioned.
 Effects of the War:
 No geographical changes, and no major policy
changes.
 The destruction of the power of Indian tribes.
 The British stopped (in practice) their policy of
impressment
 The Federalist Party was dead
 New war heroes emerged
 There was an upsurge of patriotism and sense of
national pride. The feeling of national unity was at
its highest point yet.
 The importance of the war came in what the Americans
won…respect.
Bell Ringer
What are some of the
problems you think America
will experience as it grows in
size and population?
James Madison
Dates in Office: 1809-1817
Nickname: “Little Jemmy” or
“His Little Majesty”
Political Party: DemocraticRepublican
Major Events:
• Battle of Tippecanoe
• War of 1812
• Hartford Convention
“Era of Good
Feelings”
 Only one viable
political party,
supposedly the
nation was
politically united
 There was an
upsweep of
nationalism after
the war.
 James Monroe
nicknamed the
“era of good
feelings” president
Era of Good Feelings
Nascent Nationalism
 Knickerbockers: American fiction writers
nicknamed for Washington Irving’s The
Knickerbocker Tales.
 The Tale of Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of
Sleepy Hollow
 James Fenimore Cooper (The Last of the Mohicans)
 The first American histories and literary
magazines were published.
 Painters began painting American landscape
scenes (not mimicking European art).
Rush-Bagot Agreement
 A treaty between the United States and
Britain, providing for the
demilitarization of the Great Lakes
region.
 The treaty laid the basis for a
demilitarized boundary between the
U.S. and British North America.
The American  Henry Clay, Speaker of the House,
initiated the American System—an
economic plan for the country.
System
 A strong banking system.
 Set up a protective tariff to boost
American industry.
 Build a strong transportation
network of roads and canals.
 When Clay asked for federal
money for "internal improvements"
(building roads, canals, etc.), many
opposed the bill.
 South: felt the tariff only benefited
the North; didn’t see any benefits in
paying taxes for roads and canals in
other states.
 Since these things were not in the
Constitution, they should be left up
to the states (10th Amendment).
Cumberland Road
 AKA: the National
Road
 Ran from western
Maryland to
Illinois
 One of the first
major improved
highways in the
US to be built by
the federal
government.
Western Growing Pains
 By 1819, nine frontier states had
joined the original 13. They'd
mostly been admitted alternately,
slave state then free state, etc.
 Westward movement fueled by
cheap land and easier
transportation
 "Wildcat banks“: State chartered
banks, usually in sparsely
populated areas. Distributed
their own currency and gave easy
credit.
Panic of 1819
 The Panic of 1819 started an almost predictable chain of
panics or recessions. An economic panic occurred nearly
every 20 years during the 1800s (1819, 1837, 1857, 1873,
1893).
 The BUS had become deeply involved with overspeculation (over-valuing, over-crediting) of frontier lands
 Hit the West especially hard
 The BUS called in loans to western "wildcat" banks,
which caused them to go bankrupt; farmers lost their
farms, and the B.U.S. was blamed.
 Causes a distrust of Eastern banks
 Manifest Destiny- Common American idea that
the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific.
 Had our eyes set on California and Oregon even
though other nations had partial claims to it
 Treaty of 1818:
 Drew a border line at 49° from MN westward
to the Rocky Mountains.
 For the time, Oregon would be jointly
occupied.
 Florida had long been a refuge for pirates,
smugglers, escaped slaves, and others who wanted
to escape American law. Local Indian tribes from
Florida were attacking Americans as well.
 President Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to
chase the Indians back into Florida.
 Jackson led his army across the border into Spanish territory (an
act of war).
 Spain decided to make a deal, rather than go to war.
 America paid $5 million and got Florida
 Spain gave up a claim to Oregon and America gave up a claim to
Texas
 The southern limit of Oregon was set at 42° latitude.
Thanks!
De nada….
>:(
Missouri is a Sticky
Subject
 In 1819, Missouri asked to join the U.S. as a
slave state.
 Tallmadge Amendment: Proposed amendment
to MO’s statehood that would limit slavery
 no more slaves be allowed into Missouri
 slaves born to Missouri slave parents would be
gradually emancipated.
 This amendment was voted down in the Senate
where southern states had an equal vote
 The Missouri Compromise:
 Missouri would be admitted as a slave state;
Maine would be admitted as a free state.
 Regarding future slave land, an east-west line
was drawn at 36°30’. All new states north of the
36°30’ line would be free, new states southward
would be slave.
 Monroe Doctrine-
Declared that the American
continents should no longer
be viewed as open to
colonization.
 The Doctrine was issued
most directly in response to
Russia. It was applied
to all Europeans nations
however.
 The Russians had started
drawing back
even before the doctrine.
The Russo-American Treaty
of 1824 set the southern
boundary of Russian land at
54° 40'.
James Monroe
Dates in Office: 1818 - 1825
Nickname: The Era of Good
Feelings President
Political Party: DemocraticRepublican
Major Events:
Panic of 1819
Monroe Doctrine
Missouri Compromise
The purchase of Florida from
Spain.
The Rush-Bagot Agreement
The “Corrupt Bargain”
 Four Candidates: Wm.
H. Crawford, A.
Jackson, H. Clay, J. Q.
Adams
 No majority in electoral
college
 Jackson got the most votes, but
not a majority. Adams came in
second, then Crawford, then
Clay.
 Vote goes to House of
Reps.
The “Corrupt Bargain”
 Henry Clay, as House Speaker,




was in a unique position to
influence the vote.
Crawford was out (suffered a
stroke)
Jackson was Clay's main rival
(they both were westerners) so
Clay threw his support to
Adams. Adams won.
Adams later named Henry
Clay to be Secretary of State.
The ordeal looked sneaky and
was thus called the "Corrupt
Bargain."
Corrupt or not, the 1824
election was a turning point.
It energized the common man
to get out and vote like he'd
never done before.
John Quincy Adams
Dates in Office: 1825-1829
Nickname: Old Man
Eloquent
Political Party:
Democratic-Republican
(duh!)
Seen as honest, hardworking, and highly
respected for his intelligence
JQ Adams: The Chuck Norris of the 1800s?
 Adams maintained a strict
regiment of constant exercise
that included a swift swim
across the Potomac every
morning. Even at 58 years
old, Adams could reportedly
swim the width of the
Potomac in an hour.
 He kept a pet alligator in the
East Wing of the White
House.
JQ’s Administration
 Worked on developing
the American System,
consisting of a high
tariff to support
internal improvements
 Adams presented an
ambitious program for
modernization that
included roads, canals,
a national university,
an astronomical
observatory, and other
initiatives. It was
rejected.
John Quincy Adams
Dates in Office: 1825-1829
Nickname: Old Man
Eloquent
Political Party: Republican
Major Events:
“Corrupt Bargain”
Ummm…. That’s about it.
Bell Ringer
What are some of the
problems you think America
will experience as it grows in
size and population?
Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in
1828
 Andrew Jackson started campaigning for 1828
immediately following the “corrupt bargain."
 Mudslinging came from both sides
 Adams was dishonest and had procured the
services of a servant girl for a Russian tsar's lust.
 Jackson was crude, rude, prone to whiskey (fairly
true), and Rachel Jackson was an adulteress.
 The election itself was anti-climatic. Jackson
won easily, 178 to 83 in the electoral vote. The
votes split along sectional lines: the West and
South for Jackson, the North for Adams.
Jackson as a Hero of the Common Man
 Andrew Jackson was
born among the
common people rather
than the elite of society
 His parents were poor Irish
immigrants
 At age 11 he went to
boarding school, but found
school too slow; he
preferred sports and
fighting instead.
 At age 13 he joined the
South Carolina militia to
fight in the Revolutionary
war.
Jackson’s
Democracy
House doors so his supporters could celebrate.
 At his inauguration gala, he opened the White
 Many states lowered or even eliminated the
requirement that men own property to vote
 Spoils System: The practice of rewarding
political supporters with public office
 Out of Jackson’s popularity, the former
Democratic-Republican party was renamed
the Democratic party.
 “Tariff of Abominations”
Nullification
Crisis
 John
C. Calhoun wrote the
"South Carolina Exposition“ said that the states could
nullify (void) the tariff.
 Congress passed a lower tariff
 Force Bill (AKA "Bloody Bill”):
authorized the president to
use force if necessary to collect
the tariff.
 Jackson wanted control
of Indian lands East of
the Mississippi to open
for white settlement.
 In 1830, Congress passed
the Indian Removal Act
Solving the “Indian Problem”
 The Cherokee hoped to avoid removal by
assimilating to American ways of government,
education, religion, and agriculture.
 In the end this was not enough to protect the
Cherokee; the Cherokee sued the government for
their freedom
 Worcester v. Georgia - Chief Justice John Marshall
ruled that Georgia law had no power to remove the
Cherokee
“John Marshall has
made his ruling, let
him enforce it!”
Solving the “Indian
Problem”
 In 1838 and 1839, the Cherokee nation
was forced to give up its lands east of the
Mississippi River and to migrate to an
area in present-day Oklahoma.
 The Cherokee people called this journey
the "Trail of Tears.”
 The migrants faced hunger, disease, and
exhaustion on the forced march.
 Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees
died.
Trail of Tears
 Many opponents felt
Jackson had
overstepped his
bounds as President
 Whigs: A political
party originally
formed to oppose
Jackson
 Congress over the
President
 Modernization
 Economic protectionism
King Andrew I
Comparing Presidents
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
 Short
 Tall
 Chubby
 Thin
 Bald
 Bushy iron-gray hair
 Irritable
 Passionate
 Tactless
 Quick-tempered
What makes someone a hero?
 Is it their determination?
 Is it their strength?
 Is it their appearance?
 Is it their just built into them?
What makes someone a villain?
 Is it their personality?
 Is it their actions?
 Is it their appearance?
 Is it their just built into them?
 Do we always see the bad?
Jackson as a Hero of the
Common Man
 Andrew Jackson was the first president to be born in a log






cabin
He was born among the common people rather than the elite of
society
His parents were poor Irish immigrants
At age 11 he went to boarding school, but the quick witted boy
found school too slow; he preferred sports and fighting instead
At age 13 he joined the South Carolina militia to fight in the
Revolutionary war
He was captured during the war and refused to clean the boots
of a British officer!
Jackson began to accumulate wealth, land, he had become a
self-made man
Jackson as a Hero of the
Common Man
 Jackson was adored by his soldiers
who gave him the nickname “Old Hickory”
because of his toughness and loyalty.
 Jackson was passionate in everything. He was
prone to choke up while speaking in Congress,
he had a temper and was in several duels (he
had a bullet lodged in his chest for life from
dueling), and always "went all out" in whatever
he did.
Jackson as a Hero of the
Common Man
 Small farmers were losing out to bigger
plantations owned by wealthy white people and
worked by enslaved African Americans
 Wealth and political power seemed to be
concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, and
ordinary Americans felt left behind.
 Hoping for change these common people began
to rally behind a reformer and war hero,
Andrew Jackson
 They believed Jackson would defend the rights
of the common people and slave states.
Jackson as a Hero of the Common
Man
 Many states lowered or even eliminated the
requirement that men own property to hold
office
 Political Parties were holding nominating
conventions to allow members to choose their
own candidates
 This period of expanding democracy is known
as Jacksonian Democracy.
Jackson as a Hero of the
Common Man
 At his inauguration gala he flung open the
White House doors (the People's House) for
all to come in and party. The party quickly
got rowdy until the “punch” was moved
outside and the crowd followed. To the
wealthy, this was the epitome of a
democratic “mobocracy.”
Jackson as a Hero of the Common
Man
 Out of Jackson’s popularity, the former
(Democratic) Republican party was renamed
the Democratic party.
 The democratic symbol of a donkey comes from
political satire of Andrew Jackson that said he
was as stubborn as an ass.
Jackson as a Hero of the
Common Man
Jacksonian democracy was built on the
following general principles:
 Expanded Suffrage
 Manifest Destiny
 Patronage
 Strict Constructionism
 Laissez-faire Economics
 Banking
Jackson as a Hero of the Common Man
 Spoils System: The practice of rewarding political
supporters with public office
 Jackson felt that this was a democratic system, that helped
prevent against the development of an aristocratic, officeholding class.
 This meant government workers already in office had to be fired
to make room for the new.
 Many said this wasn't right and criticized the spoils system.
They also claimed that the people he put into office had no
qualifications. Corruption also slid into the government.
Jackson as a
Hero of the
Common Man
 Andrew Jackson held the common western
view of a distrust in banks
 Felt the bank only helped the wealthy, and
that it was unconstitutional
 The B.U.S. minted "hard money" (actual
metal money) which the wealthy preferred
since it gave the economy stability. The
farmers preferred "soft money" (paper money)
that would lead to inflation, devalue the
dollar, and make loans easier to pay off.
 Henry Clay re- chartered the bank four
years early; the thought was that Jackson
would be in a lose-lose situation
 If he vetoed it, the North would be angry and
would not vote for his re-election in 1836.
 If he signed it, the South and West would be
angry because he'd gone to Washington and
"sold them out" to big business.
 Congress passed it and Jackson vetoed the
B.U.S. re-charter bill saying, "The Bank…is
trying to kill me, but I will kill it.“
Jackson as a Hero of the
Common Man
 Jackson started withdrawing money from the B.U.S.
and depositing it into local, "pet banks" or "wildcat
banks."
 The B.U.S. led by Nicholas Biddle claimed the new
'Wildcat' banks were unstable and corrupt, and fought
back by calling in loans from the wildcat banks to the
B.U.S.
 The overall result was bank chaos, and often, bank
foreclosure. Ironically, the common man, whom
Jackson set out to defend, often lost his farm in the
bank confusion.


Congress had raised the tariff significantly in 1824, but wool
manufacturers called for an even higher tariff.
Jackson and his followers hated the tariff. They felt it was a
tool of the rich to get richer by jacking up prices that the poor
would have to pay. Jacksonians planned to hike the tariff to
the sky-high rate of 45%, thinking it would never pass. The
plan backfired and sectional warfare over the Tariff of
Abominations began.


New England liked the high
tariff since it protected
manufacturers. Daniel
Webster (Mass.) became the
North's main spokesperson.
Southerners, and Westerners,
hated it because it drove up the
cost of things that they
purchased. John C. Calhoun (SC)
became the South's main
spokesperson.





John C. Calhoun secretly wrote the "South Carolina Exposition" that took the Virginia
and Kentucky Resolutions to the next level. The Exposition said that the states, such as
South Carolina, could nullify (or declare null and void) the tariff. This was a direct
challenge to the federal government.
“Nullies”: People in South Carolina that were against the tariff and sought to nullify it
within their borders.
Wore Palmetto ribbons on their hats in support of the “Palmetto State”, and
threatened secession if the tariff was not lifted.
A showdown had developed between the federal government and the states.
Congress eased tensions with the Tariff of 1832 that removed the worst parts of the
Tariff of 1828 (AKA Tariff of Abominations). Still, the principle of nullification was
under question. South Carolina again led the nullification charge
 "Nullies" sought the 2/3 majority needed in the SC legislature to nullify the tariff.
They got the votes and SC officially voted to nullify the federal tariff.
 SC even threatened secession if Washington tried to impose the tariff over the
nullification vote.



Andrew Jackson was not a president with whom to bluff or pick a fight. Jackson was
the old fighter, dueler, and warrior.
 Privately, Jackson threatened to go to SC and start hanging the leaders. With any
other president this would just be tough-talk; Jackson, however, just might actually
do it.
 Publicly, he got the military ready. Civil war hung as a real possibility.
Henry Clay proposed a compromise which settled the situation.
 Clay's personal motives were to prevent his foe Andrew Jackson from scoring a
victory.
 Clay's compromise said that the tariff rate would be reduced by about 10% over 8
years. Despite debate, the compromise passed and violence was thwarted.
 Congress also passed the Force Bill (AKA "Bloody Bill" in the
Carolinas) authorizing the president to use force if necessary to collect the tariff.
Like a true compromise, the "winner" of the nullification crisis was unclear.
 South Carolina and the states did not join behind the nullification cause like SC
expected. But, South Carolina won in that, all by itself, it succeeded in driving the
tariff down.
 The federal government won in the sense that it got SC to abide by the tariff (Ie. SC
repealed its nullification law).

Jackson would not allow defiance or disunion, and privately vowed to invade the state to preserve the union.

A second political party formed,
the National Republicans (AKA:
Whig) Party. The Whigs were a
very diverse group, but they
generally
Disliked Jackson (this was the
main tie that bound them).
 Liked Henry Clay's American
System, especially its internal
improvements (building roads,
canals, etc.).


By this time, the "Era of Good
Feelings" was over (with its
one political party)
and America had a two-party
system of politics.
DEMOCRATS




Glorified the liberty of the
individual
Guarded against the
advancement of the
“privileged” in
government
Clung to states rights
Tended to be less
prosperous
WHIGS




Glorified the natural
harmony of society and
the value of community.
Guarded against leaders
whose appeals to selfinterest created conflict
between classes
Promoted the unity of the
nation
Tended to be more
prosperous



Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and
other Whig leaders proclaimed
themselves defenders of popular
liberties against the usurpation of
Jackson. Hostile cartoonists
portrayed him as “King Andrew I.”
Behind their accusations lay the fact
that Jackson, unlike previous
Presidents, did not defer to Congress
in policy-making but used his power
of the veto and his party leadership
to assume command.
Andrew Jackson used the veto more
than the previous six Presidents
combined.


In the 1832 election, it was Andrew Jackson for reelection being
challenged by Henry Clay.
The 1832 election also brought some political firsts:

The emergence of a third party, the Anti-Masonic Party.
 The Masons or Freemasons were (and still are) a secret society. Due to its secret
nature, questions, mystery, and a skeptical air swirled around them.
 The Anti-Masonic Party was made up of a mix of various groups that were joined
by (a) dislike of the Masons and/or (b) dislike of Jackson (who was a Mason).


The use of national nominating conventions. This meant that
the people of each party nominated their candidate, not the "big
whigs" in a backroom choosing a candidate for the people.
The use of a printed party platform. This was done by the AntiMasonic Party when they printed their positions on the issues. This
would become the norm for all parties.
 The voting was anti-climatic. Jackson was loved by the people and easily won,
219 to 49 in the electoral vote.
Jackson as a Villain
 Native Americans had long lived in




settlements stretching from Georgia to
Mississippi
Since the presidency of Thomas Jefferson,
America's policy had been to allow Native
Americans to remain east of the
Mississippi as long as they became
assimilated or "civilized."
Jackson and other political leaders
however wanted this land to open
settlement of the west
Adding to Jackson’s legacy was his
reputation as a famous Indian fighter
He had no sympathy with Native
American claims to land were they had
always lived
Jackson as a Villain
 With public support, Jackson
reversed the Governments
promise to respect Indian
land claims
 In 1830, under pressure from
Jackson, Congress passed the
1830 Indian Removal Act
 This Act authorized the
removal of Native Americans
who lived east of the
Mississippi River to lands in
the West
 Indian Territory created
(modern day Oklahoma)
where Native Americans
were moved
Jackson as a Villain
 Bureau of Indian Affairs: purpose was to
ensure the Indians were properly moved
off their land
 Jackson would begin to force tribes off of
their lands if they would not go
peacefully
 The Choctaw were forced to sign the
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek; lost
over 7.5 million acres of land
 They were moved in the winter with
little supplies or food and traveled on
foot; ¼ died on the journey
Jackson as a Villain
 The Creek Indians chose
to resist.
 U.S. sent federal troops
to capture the Indians
 Some 14,500 Creek were
captured and led away in
chains to their new
reservation
 The Chickasaw managed
to negotiate a treaty for
better supplies for their
journey
Jackson as a Villain
 The Cherokee had hope to
prevent conflicts and avoid
removal
 Assimilated to American ways:
set up schools to learn English,
invited missionaries, and
learned how to read and write,
developed their own
government, modeled after
U.S. Constitution
 In the end this was not enough
to protect the Cherokee
Jackson as a Villain
 Cherokee sued the government for their freedom
 Worcester v. Georgia saw Supreme Court Chief Justice
John Marshall rule that Georgia law had no power over
the Cherokee
“The Court has done
its duty. Let the
nation now do
theirs.”
Justice Joseph Story
Jackson as a Villain
 Jackson chose to ignore the ruling and
began to remove the Cherokee
 This act by Jackson was a violation of his
presidential oath to uphold the law of the
land
“John Marshall has
made his ruling, let
him enforce it!”
Jackson as a Villain
 In all it is estimated that over 15,000
Indians lost their lives during the time of
the Indian Removal Act
“These are
crying sins, for
which we are
answerable
before a higher
jurisdiction.”
 In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's
Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was
forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi
River and to migrate to an area in present-day
Oklahoma.
 The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of
Tears," because of its devastating effects.
 The migrants faced hunger, disease, and
exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out
of 15,000 of the Cherokees died.
To Here:
From Here:
Quote
 "I have no motive, my friends, to deceive
you. I am sincerely desirous to promote
your welfare. Listen to me, therefore,
while I tell you that you cannot remain
where you are now. It is impossible that
you can flourish in the midst of a civilized
community. You have but one remedy in
your reach. And that is to remove to the
West and join your
countrymen."
 President Andrew Jackson, Washington, 1835,
addressing Cherokee delegation
Quote
 "Whole nations melt away like
snowballs in the sun. The White men
have
surrounded us, leaving only a little
spot of ground to stand upon, and it
seems to
be their intention to destroy us as a
Nation."
Chief Dragging Canoe, The Trail of Tears
Cherokee Legacy, Rich-Heape Films, 2006
Quote
"I fought through the Civil War and have
seen men shot to pieces and slaughtered
by thousands, but the Cherokee removal
was the cruelest work I ever knew."
Georgia militiaman, Jahoda, 1939
Andrew Jackson
Dates in Office: 1829-1837
Nickname: “Old Hickory”,
“King Mob”, “King Andrew I”
Political Party: Democrat
Major Events:
President of the “common man”
and the democratic “mobocracy”
Spoils System
Biddle’s Bank War
Tariff of Abominations,
Nullification Crisis, and the
Force Bill
Indian Removal Act
Trail of Tears
Letter to the Treasury Dept.
You are going to be writing a letter that contains at
least three (3) reasons why ANDREW JACKSON
should or should not stay on the $20 dollar bill.
Use facts from your ANDREW JACKSON notes.
(you may suggest another president to be on the
$20 bill)
To Whom it May Concern:
I am ___(name)________, and I am writing to you
about the image of Andrew Jackson on the United
States $20 dollar bill. I have three reason why I
believe he is/isn’t a good choice for our currency.