ZERO-EMISSION ENERGY PLANTS
Dr. Robert ‘Bob’ Wright
Senior Program Manager
Office of Sequestration, Hydrogen and Clean Coal Fuels
Office of Fossil Energy
U. S. Department of Energy
Washington, DC
The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference
Global Energy Management Institute
University of Houston
Houston, Texas
18 November 2004
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America Depends on Fossil Energy
2025
136 Quads
2002
Fossil fuels provide 87.2% of energy
98 Quads
Renewable
6%
Fossil fuels provide 85.6% of energy
Renewable
Nuclear
6%
8.3%
Nuclear
6.3%
Oil
39.0%
Oil
40.3%
Gas
23.6%
Gas
23.9%
Coal
22.7%
Coal
23.3%
AEO 2004: Table A1
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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Contaminant Emissions Down
4
Index: 1970 = 1
U.S. Power Plants
Coal Use
3
Electricity
Generation
2
Natural Gas Use
Nitrogen Oxides
1
0
1970
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate
Matter
1980
Year
1990
2000
EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1999 (March 2001)
DOE, EIA Annual Energy Review
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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CO2 Concentration On The Rise
From ~280 ppm to 370 ppm over the last 100 years
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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CO2 from Combustion in U. S.
Tg CO2 Eq.
2,000
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Coal
Relative Contribution
by Fuel Type
1,500
Coal-Fired
Power Plants
Produce 1/3
of CO2
1,000
500
0
Residential
Industrial
Electric U.S.
Commercial
Transportation
Territories
Table 2-3, EPA 430-R-03-004, April 2003
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2001
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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The Case for Hydrogen
Energy Security
Biomass
Transportation
Response
DIVERSE DOMESTIC
RESOURCES
Hydro
Wind
Solar
Industry
Nuclear
Oil
Coal
Natural
Gas
S e q u e s tr a tio n
H2
Environment
Power
Generation
Response
ZERO/NEAR ZERO GHG
and other EMISSIONS
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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Why Hydrogen From Coal?
 U.S. reserves are huge
Fossil Energy Reserves1
– 250 year supply
 H2 can be produced cleanly
Quads
 H2 from coal is economical
14000
 Carbon capture and storage
addresses climate change
Coal
Nat Gas
Oil
12000
10000
8000
 Diversifies the source of H2
6000
 Provides the bridge to
production of H2 from
renewable sources and
nuclear
2000
4000
0
US
ROW
1 -- Proved oil and gas reserves, and recoverable coal reserves
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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FutureGen
 Nearly $1 billion (U.S.) , 10-year demonstration
project to create the world’s first coal-based,
zero-emission electricity and hydrogen plant
– Test new technologies
– Nominal 275-MWe
– 1 million tonnes CO2 per year
– Sequester the CO2
– Produce H2
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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Platform for Emerging Technologies
Fuel Cells
FutureGen
Gasification with
Cleanup and
Separation
H2 Production
Optimized
Turbines
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
Carbon
Sequestration
System
Integration
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“Traditional” IGCC
Coal
Coal
Gasifier
Sulfur
Syngas
H2 / CO
Gas
Cleanup
O2
Central
Power
Gas Turbine
Combined
Cycle
O2
Plant
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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IGCC in FutureGen
Sulfur
Coal
H2 / CO
Coal
Gasifier
Shift
H2 / CO2
O2
O2
Plant
Gas
H2
Cleanup
and
Separation
CO2
Geologic
Sequestration
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
Central Power
H2 Turbine
Combined
Cycle
Transportation
Fuel Cells
IC Engine
Distributed
Power
Fuel Cells
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CO2 Storage
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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Geo-Sequestration Advantages
 May be only option that removes enough carbon to
stabilize CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere
 Only approach that doesn’t require countries to
overhaul their energy infrastructures—continue to
use fossil fuels
Carbon Management Paths
 May prove to be the lowest 
cost carbon management

option

Switch to low- & no-carbon fuels
Renewables, Nuclear, Natural Gas
Increase energy efficiency
Demand Side & Supply Side
Sequester carbon
Terrestrial
Geologic
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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Worldwide Storage Capacity
200,000
Range of Potential Capacity
Capacity (Gtc)
1,200
800
6.5 Gtc
400
0
Deep
Ocean
Deep
Saline
Formations
Depleted
Oil & Gas
Reservoirs
Coal
Seams
Terrestrial
Annual
World
Emissions
Storage Options: IEA Technical Review (TR4), March 23, 2004 / Carbon Capture & Sequestration Program @MITWorld Emissions: / DOE-EIA, International Energy Outlook 2003, Table A10
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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Adapting to Climate Change
Reference Case
Reduction in
carbon intensity
(environmental incentives)
Creation of materially
new energy sectors
(economic growth incentives)
Target
1990
2015
2040
2100
Chris Mottershead, British Petroleum
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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Stabilization
Fossil Fuel Emissions
(Gtc/yr)
 Stabilization of atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in
2050 requires a new zero emissions energy sector
almost equal in size to the current primary
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Stabilization Wedges
1 Wedge = 1 Gtc
Continued Fossil Fuel Emissions
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
S. Pacala, R. Socolow, Presentation, May 4, 2004
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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What is Scale of 1 Gtc Wedge?
BUSINESS SECTOR
1 Gtc per YEAR WEDGE
Fuel switching
1400 GW fueled by gas instead of coal
Coal-fired plants w/ CCS
1400 500-MW(e) power plants
1-3
Geological sequestration
3500 Sleipners (1 MtCO2/yr)
1-3
Hydrogen fuel
1 billion H2 cars displace 30 mpg cars
Efficiency improvements
Carbon intensity [$GNP] drops 0.2% faster
than in past
Improve ICE efficiency
2 billion cars go from 25 mpg to 50 mpg
1
Solar PV displaces coal
1000 X current capacity, i.e., 5 Mha
1
Wind displaces coal
70 X current capacity
1
Nuclear displaces coal
700 1-GW(e) plants, i.e., 1.5 X current
capacity
Biofuel displaces
petroleum
200 Mha growing at 7.5 tc/ha per year (= US
agro land)
1
Re-forestation
700 Mha growing at 2 tc/ha per year
1
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
WEDGES
1
1
1-3
1-3
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Thank You
 R. Patrich of SaskPower
– “We are moving into a carbon-managed world, not a carbon
constrained world.”
 Web sites
– www.fe.doe.gov
– www.netl.doe.gov
– www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration
 Email addresses
– robert.wright@hq.doe.gov
– lowell.miller@hq.doe.gov
WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004
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