THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
BEGINS
Photos by photographer Dorothea Lange
SECTION 1: THE NATION’S
SICK ECONOMY
As the 1920s advanced, serious problems
threatened the economy while
Important industries struggled, including:
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Agriculture
Railroads
Textiles
Steel
Mining
Lumber
Automobiles
Housing
Consumer goods
FARMERS STRUGGLE
Photo by Dorothea Lange
• No industry suffered as
much as agriculture
• During World War I
European demand for
American crops soared
• After the war demand
plummeted
• Farmers increased
production sending
prices further downward
CONSUMER SPENDING
DOWN
• By the late 1920s,
American consumers
were buying less
• Rising prices, stagnant
wages and overbuying on
credit were to blame
• Most people did not have
the money to buy the
flood of goods factories
produced
GAP BETWEEN RICH &
POOR
• The gap between rich
and poor widened
• The wealthiest 1% saw
their income rise 75%
• The rest of the
population saw an
increase of only 9%
• More than 70% of
American families
earned less than $2500
per year
Photo by Dorothea Lange
HOOVER WINS
1928 ELECTION
• Republican Herbert
Hoover ran against
Democrat Alfred E.
Smith in the 1928
election
• Hoover emphasized
years of prosperity
under Republican
administrations
• Hoover won an
overwhelming victory
Young Hoover supporter in 1928
THE STOCK MARKET
• By 1929, many Americans
were invested in the Stock
Market
• The Stock Market had
become the most visible
symbol of a prosperous
American economy
• The Dow Jones Industrial
Average was the barometer
of the Stock Market’s worth
• The Dow is a measure
based on the price of 30
large firms
STOCK PRICES RISE
THROUGH THE 1920s
• Through most of the
1920s, stock prices
rose steadily
• The Dow reached a
high in 1929 of 381
points (300 points
higher than 1924)
• By 1929, 4 million
Americans owned
stocks
New York Stock Exchange
SEEDS OF TROUBLE
• By the late 1920s,
problems with the
economy emerged
• Speculation: Too many
Americans were engaged
in speculation – buying
stocks & bonds hoping for
a quick profit
• Margin: Americans were
buying “on margin” –
paying a small percentage
of a stock’s price as a
down payment and
borrowing the rest
The Stock Market’s bubble was
about to break
THE 1929 CRASH
• In September the Stock Market
had some unusual up & down
movements
• On October 24, the market took
a plunge . . .the worst was yet to
come
• On October 29, now known as
Black Tuesday, the bottom fell
out
• 16.4 million shares were sold
that day – prices plummeted
• People who had bought on
margin (credit) were stuck with
huge debts
By mid-November, investors
had lost about $30 billion
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
• The Stock Market crash
signaled the beginning of
the Great Depression
• The Great Depression is
generally defined as the
period from 1929 – 1940
in which the economy
plummeted and
unemployment
skyrocketed
• The crash alone did not
cause the Great
Depression, but it
hastened its arrival
FINANCIAL COLLAPSE
• After the crash, many
Americans panicked and
withdrew their money
from banks
• Banks had invested in
the Stock Market and lost
money
• In 1929- 600 banks fail
• By 1933 – 11,000 of the
25,000 banks nationwide
had collapsed
Bank run 1929, Los Angeles
GNP DROPS,
UNEMPLOYMENT SOARS
• Between 1928-1932, the
U.S. Gross National
Product (GNP) – the total
output of a nation’s
goods & services – fell
nearly 50% from $104
billion to $59 billion
• 90,000 businesses went
bankrupt
• Unemployment leaped
from 3% in 1929 to 25% in
1933
• The U.S. was not the only
country gripped by the
Great Depression
• Much of Europe suffered
throughout the 1920s
• In 1930, Congress
passed the toughest tariff
in U.S. history called the
Hawley- Smoot Tariff
• It was meant to protect
U.S. industry yet had the
opposite effect
• Other countries enacted
their own tariffs and soon
world trade fell 40%
HAWLEYSMOOT TARIFF
CAUSES OF THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
• Tariffs & war debt
policies
• U.S. demand low,
despite factories
producing more
• Farm sector
crisis
• Easy credit
• Unequal
distribution of
income
SECTION 2: HARDSHIPS
DURING DEPRESSION
• The Great Depression
brought hardship,
homelessness, and
hunger to millions
• Across the country,
people lost their jobs,
and their homes
• Some built makeshifts
shacks out of scrap
material
• Before long whole
shantytowns (sometimes
called Hoovervilles in
mock reference to the
president) sprung up
SOUP KITCHENS
Unemployed men wait in line for food
– this particular soup kitchen was
sponsored by Al Capone
• One of the common
features of urban
areas during the era
were soup kitchens
and bread lines
• Soup kitchens and
bread lines offered
free or low-cost food
for people
CONDITIONS
FOR MINORITIES
• Conditions for African
Americans and Latinos
were especially difficult
• Unemployment was the
highest among
minorities and their pay
was the lowest
• Increased violence (24
lynchings in 1933 alone)
marred the 1930s
• Many Mexicans were
“encouraged” to return
to their homeland
As conditions deteriorated,
violence against blacks
increased
RURAL LIFE DURING THE
DEPRESSION
Between 1929-1932 almost ½ million
farmers lost their land
• While the Depression
was difficult for
everyone, farmers did
have one advantage; they
could grow food for their
families
• Thousands of farmers,
however, lost their land
• Many turned to tenant
farming and barely
scraped out a living
THE DUST BOWL
• A severe drought gripped
the Great Plains in the
early 1930s
• Wind scattered the
topsoil, exposing sand
and grit
• The resulting dust
traveled hundreds of
miles
• One storm in 1934 picked
up millions of tons of
dust from the Plains an
carried it to the East
Coast
Kansas Farmer, 1933
Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas - 1934
Storm approaching Elkhart,
Kansas in 1937
Dust buried cars and wagons in South Dakota
in 1936
HARDEST HIT REGIONS
Boy covers his mouth to avoid
dust, 1935
• Kansas, Oklahoma,
Texas, New Mexico,
and Colorado were
the hardest hit
regions during the
Dust Bowl
• Many farmers
migrated to
California and other
Pacific Coast states
Photographer Dorothea Lange captures a family
headed west to escape the dust storms
• The 1930s created the term
“hoboes” to describe poor
drifters
• 300,000 transients – or
hoboes – hitched rides
around the country on
trains and slept under
bridges (thousands were
teenagers)
• Injuries and death was
common on railroad
property; over 50,000
people were hurt or killed
HOBOES
TRAVEL
AMERICA
EFFECTS OF DEPRESSION
• Suicide rate rose more
than 30% between 19281932
• Alcoholism rose sharply in
urban areas
• Three times as many
people were admitted to
state mental hospitals as
in normal times
• Many people showed great
kindness to strangers
• Additionally, many people
developed habits of
savings & thriftiness
SECTION 3: HOOVER
STRUGGLES WITH
THE DEPRESSION
• After the stock market
crash, President
Hoover tried to
reassure Americans
• He said, “Any lack of
confidence in the
economic future . . . Is
foolish”
• He recommended
business as usual
Herbert
Hoover
HOOVER’S PHILOSOPHY
Hoover believed it was the individuals job to
take care of themselves, not the governments
• Hoover was not quick to
react to the depression
• He believed in “rugged
individualism” – the idea
that people succeed
through their own efforts
• People should take care of
themselves, not depend on
governmental hand-outs
• He said people should
“pull themselves up by
their bootstraps”
HOOVER’S SUCCESSFUL
DAM PROJECT
• Hoover successfully
organized and authorized
the construction of the
Boulder Dam (Now called
the Hoover Dam)
• The $700 million project
was the world’s tallest
dam (726 feet) and the
second largest (1,244 feet
long)
• The dam currently
provides electricity, flood
control and water for 7
western states
Any dam questions?
HOOVER TAKES ACTION:
TOO LITTLE TOO LATE
Hoover’s flurry of activity came
too late to save the economy or
his job
• Hoover gradually softened his
position on government
intervention in the economy
• He created the Federal Farm
Board to help farmers
• He also created the National
Credit Organization that
helped smaller banks
• His Federal Home Loan Bank
Act and Reconstruction
Finance Corp were two
measures enacted to protect
people’s homes and
businesses
BONUS
ARMY
• A 1932 incident further
damaged Hoover’s image
• That spring about 15,000
World War I vets arrived
in Washington to support
a proposed bill
• The Patman Bill would
have authorized Congress
to pay a bonus to WWI
vets immediately
• The bonus was scheduled
to be paid in 1945 --- The
Army vets wanted it NOW
BONUS ARMY
TURNED DOWN
Thousands of Bonus Army soldiers
protest – Spring 1932
• Hoover called
the Bonus
marchers,
“Communists
and criminals”
• On June 17,
1932 the Senate
voted down the
Putnam Bill
BONUS MARCHERS CLASH
WITH SOLDIERS
• Hoover told the Bonus
marchers to go home–
most did
• 2,000 refused to leave
• Hoover sent a force of
1,000 soldiers under the
command of General
Douglas MacArthur and
his aide Dwight
Eisenhower
AMERICANS SHOCKED AT
TREATMENT OF WWI VETS
• MacArthur’s 12th infantry gassed more than 1,000
marchers, including an 11-month old baby, who died
• Two vets were shot and scores injured
• Americans were outraged and once again, Hoover’s
image suffered
Hoover had little chance to be re-elected in 1932
Bank Failures, 1929-1933
The Emergence of Roosevelt
• Franklin Roosevelt
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born to wealth and privilege
1921--crippled by polio
1928--elected governor of New York
talented politician
• 1932--defeats Hoover with farmerworker-immigrant-Catholic coalition
The Hundred Days
• Banking system saved from collapse
• Fifteen major laws provide relief
• New Deal aims to reform and restore,
not nationalize, the economy
The Tennessee Valley
Authority
Roosevelt and Recovery
• National Recovery Administration
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industries formulate codes to eliminate cutthroat competition, ensure labor peace
codes favor big business, unenforceable
1935--NRA ruled unconstitutional
• Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
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farmers paid to take land out of cultivation
prices increase
sharecroppers, tenant farmers dispossessed
Roosevelt and Relief
• 1933--Harry Hopkins placed in charge
of RFC to direct aid to unemployed
• 1933--Civilian Conservation Corps
provides employment to young people
• 1935--Works Progress Administration
place unemployed on federal payroll
• Programs never sufficiently funded
Roosevelt and Reform
• 1933-34--focus on immediate problems
• 1935--shift to permanent economic
reform
Challenges to FDR
• Father Charles Coughlin advocates
nationalizing banks, anti-Semitism
• Francis Townsend calls for wealth
redistribution from young to the elderly
• Huey Long calls for redistribution of
wealth by seizing private fortunes
Social Security
• 1935--Social Security Act passed
• Criticisms
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too few people would collect pensions
unemployment package inadequate
• Establishes pattern of government aid
to poor, aged, handicapped
Labor Legislation
• 1935--Wagner Act
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allows unions to organize
outlaws unfair labor practices
• 1938--Fair Labor Standard Act
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maximum hour
minimum wage
Impact of the New Deal
• Had a broad influence on the quality of
life in the U.S. in the 1930s
• Helps labor unions most
• Helps women, minorities least
Rise of Organized Labor
• 1932--National Recovery Act spurs
union organizers
• Congress of Industrial Organization
(CIO) formed by John L. Lewis
• CIO unionizes steel, auto industries
• 1940--CIO membership hits 5 million,
28% of labor force unionized
The New Deal Record on Help
to Minorities
• Crop reduction program allows whites to
fire or evict blacks, Hispanics
• Public works programs help by
providing employment
• New Deal figures convince minorities
that the government is on their side
• 1934--Indian Reorganization Act gives
American Indians greater control
Women at Work
• Position of women deteriorates in ‘30s
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jobs lost at a faster rate than men
hardly any New Deal programs help
• Progress in government
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Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor, the
first woman cabinet member
women appointed to several other posts
Eleanor Roosevelt a model for activism
End of the New Deal
• 1936--New Deal peaks with Roosevelt’s
reelection
• Congress resists programs after 1936
The Election of 1936
• FDR’s campaign
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attacks the rich
promises further reforms
defeats Republican Alf Landon
• Democrats win lopsided majorities in
both houses of Congress
• FDR coalition: South, cities, labor,
ethnic groups, African Americans, poor
The Supreme Court Fight
• Supreme Court blocks several of FDR’s
first-term programs
• 1937--FDR seeks right to "pack" Court
• Congressional protest forces retreat
• FDR’s opponents emboldened
The New Deal in Decline
• 1936--cutbacks for relief agencies
• 1937--severe slump hits economy
• Roosevelt blamed, resorts to huge
government spending
• 1938--Republican party revives
The New Deal and American Life
• New Deal’s limitations
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depression not ended
economic system not fundamentally
altered
little done for those without political clout
• Achievements
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Social Security, the Wagner Act
political realignment of the 1930s