Chapter 7: Memory and Training
Slide Template
WORKING MEMORY
Representation of working memory
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
Working memory model
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Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Central executive
Episodic buffer.
Working Memory Interference
• Code Interference
– Verbal-phonetic versus visual-spatial code
interference
• Interference in the Central Executive
– Central-executive intensive tasks (random number
generation)
Working Memory, the Central
Executive and Executive Control
• Working memory capacity
• Role of central executive in executive control
Matching Display with Working
Memory Code
• Stimulus/central processing/response
compatibility.
• Echoic and iconic memory
Limitations of Working Memory
• Duration
– Brown Peterson paradigm.
• Capacity
– Relationship with speed of rehearsal.
– Magic number 7 +/- 2. •
• Chunking
– Chunks of information
– Parsing
INTERFERENCE & CONFUSION
Proactive and Retroactive Interference
• Relationship between interference, and space
and similarity
• Implications of design
– Working memory analysis
EXPERTISE AND MEMORY
Expertise
• General characteristics
• Intrinsic versus contrived tasks
Expertise and Chunking
• Template theory and chunking
• Chunking strategies
• Novice versus expert differences
Skilled Memory and Long Term
Working Memory
• Limitations of chunking based accounts
• Long-term working memory theory
EVERYDAY MEMORY
Prospective Memory
• Effects of delay on PM performance
• PM and motivation
• Implementation intention and strategies to
improve PM
Transactive Memory (System)
• Properties of a TMS
– Specialisation, coordination and credibility
• Collaborative inhibition
– How it can be reduced
• TMS and team performance
SITUATION AWARENESS
Situation Awareness versus Situation
Assessment
• Examples
Working Memory and Expertise in
Situation Awareness
• Evidence for links between WM and SA
• Role of LTWM in SA
Levels of SA and Anticipation
• Endsley’s Three levels of SA
– Perception
– Comprehension
– Projection
• Mechanisms by which anticipation is
accomplished
Measuring SA and the Role of
Anticipation
• SAGAT
• SPAM
• Implicit performance-based measures
PLANNING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
Planning and Problem Solving
• Role of working memory and difficulty
• Satisficing problem solving and opportunistic
planning
• Supporting planning and problem solving
– Visualisation
• Heuristic strategies in problem solving
• Training to support team problem solving
– Heterogeneous and homogeneous pairs
TRAINING
Transfer of Training
• Measuring transfer
– Transfer effectiveness ratio.
• Training system fidelity
– Realism, complexity, workload
and learning outcome
Transfer of Training
• Negative transfer
– Similarity of stimulus and response elements
between old and new task.
Training Techniques and Strategies
• Cognitive Load Theory
– Intrinsic load, germane load and extraneous load
• Training support and error prevention: Reducing intrinsic
load
– Worked examples and scaffolding
• Task simplification
– Reducing intrinsic load – adaptive training
• Part task training
– Reducing intrinsic load – fractionation (task), segmentation
(task), time sharing skills, and variable priority training
• Active learning
– Increasing germane load – generation effect, and active versus
passive learning
Training Techniques and Strategies
• Multi-media instruction
– Decreasing extraneous load – dual-coding
principle
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Feedback
Practice and overlearning
Expertise effect
Distribution of practice
Training-transfer
LONG TERM MEMORY:
REPRESENTATION, ORGANISATION,
AND RETRIEVAL
Knowledge Representation
• Procedural versus declarative knowledge
• Implicit, semantic and episodic memory
• Knowledge elicitation to extract domain knowledge
from experts
• Knowledge organisation
– Implications for design of menus
• Mental model
– Role, novice versus expert differences
• Methods for representing long-term knowledge
– Work domain analysis, observations and interviews,
protocol analysis
Memory Retrieval and Forgetting
• Recall and recognition
– Implications for design of computer interfaces,
remember-know paradigm, retrieval cues, and
retrieval induced forgetting
• Event memory
– Accuracy, misinformation effect
• Skill Retention
– Skill type, sequence of practice, individual
differences