Chapter 12.2 (p.242-254)
Election of 1816 (Monroe Presidency)
To
Monroe Doctrine 1824
Election of 1816
• James Monroe (Democrat-Republican) vs.
Federalist (Rufus King) of NY
• King was last Federalist candidate ever!
• Monroe won 183 to 34
madwar
UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL
President James Monroe
•Born in Virginia in 1758,
•Attended the College of William
and Mary,
•Fought with Continental Army
•Practiced law in Virginia.
•Elected United States Senator
•Helped negotiate the Louisiana
Purchase.
•Elected President in 1816 and
served from 1817 to 1825.
•Era of Good Feelings
american system
Result of War of 1812=Spirit of Nationalism in
US
patriotism or national oneness
Country is united, confident, and growing
1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.
One political party---Republican party
Respect from Europe
Monroe first president to visit all states.
Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good
Feelings” had began.
But, time period was not free of problems.
• Cultural Nationalism
– Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society
from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah
Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism
• Economic Nationalism
– Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political
movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy-------AMERICAN SYSTEM
• Political Nationalism
– Movement to bring about the support for national
government is over the states. Supreme court decisions
support the concept of national government over the states.
**Cultural Nationalism
National literature & Painting
• Focus on American characters & settings
• *Washington Irving- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow; Rip
Van Winkle
• *James Fennimore Cooper- The Leatherstocking Tales
(Last of the Mohicans)
• School textbooks- written by Americans for Americans
• American magazines- North American Review
• Art – **The Hudson River School (American painters
painted landscapes)-A. Bierstadt & Cole
*Hudson River School -Paintings
Thomas Cole
A. Bierstadt- Yosemite
Economic Nationalism
Post-War of 1812 Effects
Henry Clay’s
**American System
american
system
Congress’s attempt to unite the US
ECONOMICALLY

1.
2.
Provide economic growth
• Americans buying American goods;American self-sufficiency.
Protective Tariff to promote infant industry
• Tariff of 1816- 1st tariff passed solely to protect US industry- not
revenue! Rates went up to 20-25%
Strong banking system for strong economy
• 2nd Bank of the US---Rechartered in 1816
3. Internal Improvements- roads, canals, etc. funded by government –this
component was vetoed by Madison & Monroe- states began to build
their own roads & canals.
• National Transportation system
– Cumberland Road(1810) and Erie Canal (1825)
first internal improvements to unite the US
– the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.
– 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of
transportation
– 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added
– Market Revolution
• Food & raw materials would flow from South &
West into the North.
• Manufactured Northern products would flow from
north to south & west.
• Create a national market= knit country together
economically
Map roads/canals
•Help unite the
country as well
as improve the
economy and
the infant
industry….
•Because of the
British
blockade
during the War
of 1812, it was
essential for
internal
transportation
improvements.
*Judicial Nationalism
•
Supreme Court cases in the time period (Post
War of 1812)
• Court dominated by Chief Justice John
Marshall
• *Cases strengthened the power of the federal
government at expense of states.
Marbury v. Madison (before War of 1812)
• Established judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- Maryland tries to
tax 2ND Bank of the US banknotes…
Judicial Nationalism
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)- “Lottery ticket” case;
established that Supreme Court can review state
supreme court cases.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)- “Steamboat Monopoly”
case; Gibbons given NY-NJ steamboat monopoly
by Robert Fulton—Ogden ran his own boat.
• Ruled Federal Government regulates interstate
commerce.
Judicial Barriers against Democratic
Excesses
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810) “Ga. Land Scam Case”; Georgia
tried to revoke contract with Yazoo Land Co. (corruption
claimed).
• State law passed which revoked the contract
• Court ruled that state’s cannot void a contract (state law
overturned)
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) New
Hampshire wanted to revoke the charter of
Dartmouth College.
• Court ruled that contract could not be revoked by
the state
• ** later used to protect CORPORATIONS
**The Panic of 1819
•
•
1.
1st national financial crisis since Washington took
office –series of boom & bust every 20 years
Causes:
Major cause: Banks (mostly in the west- “wildcats”) were involved in land
speculation– 2ND Bank of the US made “wildcat” banks return loans= state
banks demanded loans back from debtors= banks failed
2.
Other factor—British dumped cheap products onto US markets
3.
Other factor--- Slumping cotton market.
Effects:
–
Many state banks closed- by 2nd Bank of US
–
The value of money fell- FORECLOSURE by US Bank
–
There were large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and
imprisonment for debt
•
Depression was most severe in the West
•
The economic crisis changed many Western voters’ political outlook= Anger at
2ND Bank of the US= PAVES THE WAY FOR JACKSON
• 1791-1819= 9 ADDITIONAL STATES JOINED THE ORIGINAL 13.
• Most admitted alternatively- free/slave- to keep sectional balance
• Population shift from the east to the West
• Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands
• Land easy & cheap to obtain –appealed to immigrants
• Economic pressures- land exhaustion in tobacco states, embargo
during the war
• Improved transportation-Cumberland Road (1811), 1st steamboat
(1811)
• Immigration
The Western States
•
Still weak in population & influence
compared to eastern states
1. Forced to ally itself with other sections of
the country (South)
2. Demanded cheap land (Land Act 1820)
3. Demanded cheap transportation
4. Demanded cheap money from state banks
“wildcats”= fought the 2nd Bank of the US
*could not always agree whether to permit
slavery
The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing
a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25
an acre in cash; the West demanded transportation
City growth
Westward expansion
Growth of cities and states by
1850
Expansion of the United States
Map 6 of 45
Expansion of the United States
with Louisiana Purchase 1803
Map 7 of 45
• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
–
–
Treaty with Great Britain to reduce (demilitarize) navies
operating on the Great Lakes.
Shows developing good relations with British
• Treaty of 1818•
Fixed border of Canada & US from Minnesota to Rocky
Mountains at 49th parallel.
– Share Canadian fisheries (New Foundland)
– Jointly occupy Oregon for 10 years
Treaty of 1818
49th Parallel
Treaty of 1818- Britain & US
agree: share Canadian fisheries, set
northern boundaries @ 49 degrees to
Rocky Mts., jointly occupy Oregon.
Treaty Agreed to joint
occupation
• Florida Becomes Part of US
– After War of 1812, Spain had
difficulty governing Florida
– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves,
and white outlaws conducted raids
into U.S. territory and retreated to
safety across the Florida border
•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew
Jackson to stop the raiders
–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole
villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish
governor
• **Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
–Spain turned over
• western Florida along with all to the east
• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
–US agreed
• to pay $5 million to Spain
• to give up any territorial claims to Texas
49th Parallel
Treaty of 1818 with Great
Britain
Adams-Onis Treaty of
1819 with Spain
Texas
Map expansion
NORTHEAST
•Business and
Economy Manufacturing
Leader
Daniel Webster
____________
__________
•Wanted Tariffs
Role of
•Backed
internal
Government improvements
•Wanted end to
cheap public
land
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Against Slavery
and believed the
U.S. Govt. must
abolish it.
SOUTH
•Cotton growing
Economy
•John C.
Leader
Calhoun
__________ _____________
•Opposed tariffs
Role of
and government
spending on
Government
American
System
•Increasingly
supportive of
states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any
steps of the U.S.
Govt. to try and
abolish it.
WEST
•Frontier
Economy
agriculture
Leader
•Henry Clay
__________ _____________
•Supported
internal
Role of
Government improvements
•Wanted cheap
land
•Loyal to the
U.S. Govt.
•Against
slavery but
some supported
letting the
people decide
the slavery
issue
In 1819, Missouri APPLIED for
statehood. First part of the Louisiana
Purchase to apply for statehood
– Threatened balance of power in Congress
• 11 free states
• 11 slave states
– The Tallmadge amendment
• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into
Missouri
• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became
a state would be freed at the age of 25.
• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
• The North controlled the House, and the South had
enough power to block it in the Senate.
After months of heated
debate in Congress,
Henry Clay won majority
support for 3 bills that
represented a
compromise
– Missouri was to be admitted as a
slaveholding state
– Maine was to be admitted as a free state
– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north
of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited
Election 1820
• President Monroe easily re-elected
• Only president re-elected after a major
economic panic!!
Menace of Monarchy in America & the
Canning Proposal
•
After Napoleon, monarchs of Europe wanted to stamp out
democracy.
•
Russia, Austria, Prussia, & France- wanted to send fleets to
Spanish America to restore Spanish kings
•
Russia established bases in near San Francisco & claimed most of
sea & coast British Columbia.
•
Britain refused to join the other nations.
The Canning Proposal
1823- British foreign secretary- (George Canning) proposed that the
US & Britain issue a joint statement :
1. Renouncing any claim to Latin America
2. Warning European despots to keep hands off Latin American
Republics
•
US Sec. of State John Q. Adams smelled a rat!
•New Latin
American
countries were
formed from
successful
revolutions.
•US protector of
new democracies
in the Western
Hemisphere
monroe doctrine
•In foreign affairs Monroe
proclaimed the fundamental
policy that bears his name,
Monroe Doctrine.
•Monroe was responding to the
threat that Europe might try to
aid Spain in winning back her
former Latin American
colonies.
•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western
Hemisphere.
•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United
States join in proclaiming "hands off."
monroe doctrine
•Adams advised, "It would be
more candid ... to avow our
principles explicitly to Russia
and France, than to come in
as a cock-boat in the wake of
the British man-of-war."
•Monroe accepted Adams's
advice.
•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but
also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific
coast. ". . . the American continents,"
•He stated, "by the free and independent condition which
they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any
European Power."
It is a continuation of President
Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• American foreign policy for the
next 100 years!!!
US recognized
existing
European
Colonies
US will stay out
of European
affairs
*Monroe
Doctrine
US protector of new
democracies in the
Western Hemisphere
No European
Colonization in the
Americas
Western
Hemisphere or
the Americas.
The Russian Problem??
•Claimed by the US, Great Britain and
Russia
•Russia was claiming California too
Rush-Bagot 1818
Russo-American Treaty 1824
• Southern tip of Russian territorial claims extends
only to 54-40 line