Emerging American Identity leads to tension between Colonies and Great Britain

Regional Economies, Mercantilism & British Trade Regulations

1.
Economic Breakdowns of the Economy a. ___________________-relied on trade; only practiced subsistence farming b. ___________________-cash crops-“bread basket colonies”; also relied on trade c. ___________________- relied on cash crops-tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton

1.
2.
____________________ = colonies exist as a market for homecountry’s goods & a supplier of raw materials
All trade with other nations needs to go through the home-country.
Series of ________________________began in 1651 a.
b.
c.
all trade had to be on __________________ or colonial ships enumerated products (tobacco, sugar, indigo, cotton etc) could be shipped only to England or another English colony certain English-made goods (gunpowder, silk) were subsidized to undercut
European competitors

3.
4.
In general, the_______________prospered with the
Navigation Acts & cities like Philadelphia, New York &
Boston grew, though some tobacco & rise planters complained
Some Americans viewed the mercantilist laws as excessive & were sometimes ignored. King James II responded by removing New England’s ______________ in 1688 & establishing the Dominion of New England, a royal province that ignored previous land grants & outlawed _____________________

 Directions: In your group you will research on of the following trade restrictions that was placed on the colonies using the ipad that is given to your group and/or your phones
 Trade Regulations/Laws





Navigation Act-1651
Navigation Act-1660
Staple Act
Plantation Duty Act
Navigation Act-1696

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



Woolens Act
Hat Act
Molasses Act
Sugar Act
Create a poster with the following information:




Name of the Law
Year it was passed
What it did? What restrictions did it put in place?
What was the colonial reaction?
 An illustration that accurately portrays the purpose and reaction to the act they will be hung up so make sure they are neat and easy to understand

Act/Regulation
Navigation Act
Navigation Act
Staple Act
Plantation Duty Act
Date Significance/Features

Act/Regulation
Navigation Act
Woolens Act
Hat Act
Molasses Act
American Revenue Act
(Sugar Act)
Date Significance/Features

Glorious Revolution & Colonial Assemblies

1.
fearing persecution, Protestants in Parliament carried out a bloodless coup d'état, fearing that James II would return
England to Catholicism a. James’ daughter, Mary & her husband, William of Orange, were enthroned b. _____________________ Two Treatises on Government argued that power flows from the consent of the governed , not from
God & that citizens have unalienable
__________________ (life, liberty, property) c. revolts in Massachusetts, Maryland & New York asserted the right of voluntary allegiance to the crown & self-government d. England entered a period of _____________________ towards the colonies, effectively allowing the colonies to grow in wealth, population & self-government

1. following the lead of the Whigs, who had established limits on the power of the crown with the Glorious
Revolution, American
_____________________sought to
__________ royal authority & assert local control over: a.
b.
_______________ appointment of local officials a.
setting the governor’s __________
2. in fact, the assemblies were elitist rather than democratic, with rich men standing for office, though most property-owning men had the right to vote

3.
4.
following the Glorious
Revolution, mobs often exerted local control in defiance of both the governor & the local assembly
British policy of
___________________ allowed local control to grow as the crown focused on trade & military issues. Later, when the
British tried to __________ the powers in _______________ policies, they found strong colonial _______________

Elements & Impact

1. _________________: emotional manifestations (weeping, fainting, physical movements) in contrast to staid & formal Anglican & Congregational worship.
___________________would preach to crowds as large as 30,000 with great emotion
2. itinerancy: preachers roamed rural & urban areas & held meetings
3. ________________ religious movement a. insisted that __________should have the religious experience b.
stirred impulse towards _____________________ among colonists c.
broke down strong denominational ties d.
challenged religious _____________. Baptists in the South preached to slaves
& against the ostentatious wealth of the planter class

1.
2.
_________________came through faith & prayer, not rituals or good works
_________________ , not any religious authority, judged his or her own behavior based ______________understanding of God the Bible
3. personal piety: break away from the constraints of the past & start fresh. _____________resulted in changed _________________
(decrease in card-playing, drunkenness, increase in church attendance, Bible study)

4.
5.
individual revival: rejection of rationalism of _______________ and ____________________ and more reliance on the
“____________" rather than the
“____________” leading preachers: George
Whitefield,
__________________________,
William & George Tennent

1.
Creation of new ______________ to train "new light" ministers:
________________, Brown, Rutgers
2. ________________ in denominations and a sharpening of the differences between those who defined religion as a rational process (“old lights”) & those who focused on experience (“new lights”)
3. __________________ challenges to ___________________ strengthened __________________ challenges to authority. Many
Revolutionary War ___________________ were "new light" believers, particularly Methodists, Presbyterians & Baptists

4.
Development of __________________ tradition in American religion. Future outbreaks: a.
b.
Second _________________________________ in first half of the 19th
Century: camp meetings & frontier revivals featuring emotional appeals
& spontaneous religious expressions
Charles G. Finney & Dwight Moody: 19th Century urban revivalism with campaigns in many cities c. Billy Sunday, ____________________________; mass meetings: 20th
Century revivalism

1.
British a. Established successful i.
____________ on
__________ Coast b. Looking to expand
____________

Needed to ease
_________________
Population of more than 1 million
2.
French a. No desire to build towns or __________ b. Primarily
_________________ and Catholic missionaries a. Several military
_____________ with
Indians b. Population of 70,000

1.
a.
Primary area of contention in North
America
_______________
_______________

Event Date Location
________________d efeated at Fort
Duquesne
1755 western
___________
(present-day
Pittsburgh)
1757 American colonies
American
________________r efuse to serve under
British commander
_______________ take Fort Oswego
1756 upstate
___________
Notes/Significance
General Edward Braddock’s force of 1450 men surrounded & defeated by Native
American & French-Canadian forces new British commander (Lord Loudoun) closely managed the war effort, demanding exact numbers of recruits & money from colonies.
Colonial __________________ began to refuse to cooperate
French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm takes fort, but is horrified to discover that his
Native American allies kill wounded soldiers, take scalps & make slaves of captives

Event
Date Location
Massacre at Fort
________________
________________
________________ guides British war effort
Louisbourg & Fort
Duquesne captured by
_______________
Notes/Significance
1757
1757-1761
1758 upstate New
York
London,
England
Quebec,
Canada & western
Pennsylvania following surrender of British & colonial garrison to Montcalm (who promised safe passage back to England), Native Americans killed 185 & took 310 British captive as Secretary of State, Pitt sought to reduce tension with colonists by promising payment in proportion to support of war effort , giving colonial assemblies control of recruitment, sending thousands more British soldiers & replacing Lord Loudoun with a more reasonable commander
British, colonial & Native American forces overwhelm French who abandon Louisbourg & burn Fort Duquesne before retreating north

Event Date Location
Battle of __________
Battle of Quiberon Bay
1759
1759
Notes/Significance
Quebec,
_________ though British commander General James Wolfe is killed (along with French commander Montcalm),
British forces seize Quebec in a dramatic uphill attack off coast of
France
British victory restricted French navy’s ability to resupply forces in Canada
_______________ join British-colonial alliance
1760 American colonies balance of ___________ tips toward _____________

Event
_______________ surrender Montreal
British capture Havana
& Manila from Spain
________________
________________
Date Location Notes/Significance
1760 Quebec,
_________ greatly outnumbered French forces are defeated in war’s _____________ battle in the Americas
1762
1763
Cuba &
Philippine
Islands as Spain enters the war as a French ally, it suffers defeats from British naval forces
Paris, France ___________ gives up claims to all of its North
American possessions. All land west of the
__________________ & New Orleans goes to
__________. All land east of the Mississippi
River & Canada goes to ________________

1.
____________ give up all North American land claims a. ___________: West of Mississippi & New Orleans b. ___________: East of the Mississippi & Canada

2.
a.
b.
Deterioration of ____________________ Relationships
Not at peace negotiations
British no longer felt obligated to provide weapons and manufactured goods to the
Indians c.
With new __________, colonist began to move ____________ into
Indian territories i.
________________________
• Native American tribes captured 8 British forts that were set up in the newly claimed ___________________, laid siege on 2 others
• British Response: Gave small-pox infected blankets to chiefs at peace negotiations
→ Tribes wiped out by _____________
• Weakened by war & disease, tribes negotiated peace with British by 1765

3.
a.
__________________ of 1763 i.
In an effort to avoid future conflict with the Native Americans, British issue
Proclamation that says ____________ cannot settle _____________ of the
_____________________ Mountains
(line becomes known as the Proclamation
Line)
British failed to ____________ the new law, colonists continued to move west

4. Tensions _______________ between Colonists and British
American View Point


___________ no longer on the borders so defense was not needed
British military methods seemed ineffective in the colonial environment.
 Methods used by the
British to ___________ their troops were unsuited to free men.
British View Point




Americans were
______________.
British were already shouldering a heavier tax burden than the colonists.
American need to pay for own ______________
Britain needs to “crack down.”

1.
a.
______________ population (7.5 million to 2.5 million colonists) a.
monetary _____________ c. ____________ forces d. Professional ______________ armed with 6' muskets with bayonets attached i.
110,000+ troops

2.
a.
b.
_______________ unrest in Ireland
British government inept & confused , led by ______________ & Lord Frederick
North a.
b.
i.
ii.
lack of British _____________ to crush American cousins . Whigs cheered American victories military difficulties: second-rate generals brutal treatment of soldiers (one lashed 800 times for striking an officer) iii.
inadequate, poor ________________ (old, rancid, wormy)…undernourished iv. need for ______________victory. A draw would be a colonial victory v. orders took months to reach the front vi. ____________colonial territory (1,000 by 600 miles) to subdue. No urban nerve center to conquer

1.
________________ a.
outstanding ________________ i.
military: _____________________ a.
b.
ii. diplomatic: ___________________ iii. European imports: Marquis de Lafayette, Thaddeus Kosciuszko colonists fighting _________________ self-sustaining agricultural base c. colonists were better _______________ (American colonists accurate at 200 yards) d. ______________advantage: colonists were supporting a just cause with a positive goal

2.
___________________ a.
colonies were badly ________________ , disunited for war b. 2 nd Continental Congress debated, but took little _______________ & exercised less leadership c. no written ____________________: Articles of Confederation not adopted until 1781 d. colonies were jealous of 2 nd Continental Congress & each other's regions e. __________________ difficulties: i.
little metallic currency available ii.
iii.
fearful of ________________ , 2 nd Continental Congress issued virtually worthless Continental currency inflation led to increased prices & desertions from army f. limited military ______________ i.
ii.
inadequate firearms & powder clothing & shoes scarce. At Valley Forge, 2,800 men barefooted g. colonial soldiers were numerous but _______________ h. __________________ used greed & speculation to weaken morale & aid the British

1.
2.
3.
4.
while not a military genius (he lost more battles than he won), he was _______________ implicitly by his soldiers he refused to be paid, though his records indicate expenses of over $100,000 shrewd political choice by 2 nd Continental Congress:
Virginian, wealthy, aristocratic & above reproach
Colonists declared to be in __________________

1.
2.
3.
appealed to natural law ("an island should not rule a continent")
___________________was brutish & undeserving of colonials' respect
American colonists had a moral obligation to the world to be independent & ___________________

1.
_____________________ headed the committee drafting the written statement. Arguments were based on
_________________ contract theory of government a.
all people have __________________ (“life, liberty, and the property“ – pursuit of happiness) b. when a government abuses rights, the people have a right to
“___________________" it c. King George III has acted tyrannically. Long list of _______________ done by King to colonists
1.
d. the colonies are ____________________
The Declaration of Independence gave a clear position for rebellious colonists, forcing others to choose rebellion or declare as Loyalists

1.
a.
b.
________________(Known as Tories in England) i.
ii.
iii.
Those who remain loyal to ______________
Characteristics
Upper class
Educated
___________________ c.
iv. _____________________ Colonists v. “Old Lights”-Likely members of the _______________ Church
Faced harsh criticism, and eventual violence after the passage of the Declaration of Independence

1.
a.
b.
________________ (Known as Whigs in England)
Those who rebelled against Britain
Characteristics i.
_________________ ii.
_________________ i.
“New Lights”-Likely Congregationalists, Presbyterians

1.
a.
Americans 2.
British
__________________ a.
_________________

1.
a.
______________________________-April 19, 1775
Opening battle of the Revolution
2.
a.
__________________________-June 1775
British win and take over American position north of Boston but suffer big losses b. Americans prove they can __________________ with the highly trained British
3.
a.
_________________________-October 17, 1777 biggest win for the Americans b. ______________________ in the war c. _________________ officially entered the war and provided supplies and funds
4.
a.
b.
_______________________-October 19, 1781 final battle of the war
Gen Cornwallis ___________________ to Gen Washington in Virginia

1.
American Negotiators a.
Benjamin ________________ b. John ___________________ c. John ___________________
2.
American Goals (Initially) a.
b.
_________________
Large territories a.
b.
_________________ rights in Atlantic
End Slave Trade

3.
4.
A Separate Peace
1.
2.
Worried French & Spanish would bargain with Britain at expense of colonists
Negotiated a separate peace with _________________
Final Provisions a.
Britain formally recognized the _________________ of “the United
States of America” b.
c.
Boundaries set from Great Lakes on the North to the Mississippi
River on the West to Florida on the South. no further persecution of __________________ d.
e.
i.
restitution for confiscated property
No obstacles in British debt collection fishing access for “Americans” in waters off East Canada