Nutrition Systems
in
Animals
Nutrition
-the intake of SUBSTANCES from outsidesubstances we don't burn but store
To grow
substances we burn
To get energy
To renew
our body
To move
our
skeletal
muscles
For other muscles
to contract -heart
pumping, respiratory
mucles, digestive
muscles...
For brain
activity
To keep the body
temperature
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The four systems involved in nutrition.
Which one of these connect the other three?
the four systems involved in nutrition. Which one of these connect the other three?
Circulatory system connects digestive, respiratory and excetory
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Which one of these connect the
other three?
Stage 2 in the digestive process: digestion
Is this process above mechanical or chemical digestion?
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Stage 3 in the digestive process: absorption
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Stage 3 in the digestive process: absorption
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Intracellular digestion (phagocytosis needed)
the food vacuole mixes with a lysosome
collar cells
osculum
water flow
ostium
INTRACELLULAR
DIGESTION
Food particle is
enclosed by food
vacuole via
phagocytosis.
PORIFERA (SPONGES)
 Live
 Are
in water
found attached to the
ocean floor
 They
feed filtering small
food particles from water
Sponge feeding video
Natural bath sponge
Regadera de Filipinas
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Intracellular digestion is exclusive to
sponges and protozoa orgnanisms
Video: fagocytosis in ameba
fagocytosis in white blood cells
CNIDARIA (CELENTEREA)
gastrovascular
cavity
Cnydocytes firing video
cnidocyte
tentacles
EXTRACELLULAR
DIGESTION
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GASTROVASCULAR
CAVITY
Hydra catches a prey video
Polyp in feshwater
Hydra
Anemona
Animals in movies (LINK)
“Finding Nemo”
Jellyfish
MOLLUSCS
Extracellular digestion
in digestive tubes
hepatopancreas
anus
digestive
enzymes
(extracellular
digestion)
stomach
mouth
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Radula ribbon video
Extracellular digestion
in digestive tubes
ARTHROPODS
crop
anus
mouth
gizzard
intestine
oesophagus
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In spiders..
digestion is carried out externally (outside
spider's body) and internally. Spiders
secrete digestive fluids into their prey.
Digestive fluids dissolve the prey's internal
tissues. Then the spider feeds by sucking
the partially digested fluids out.
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Extracellular digestion
in digestive tubes
Extracellular digestion
in digestive tubes
Digestive tube of
a carnivore
Digestive tube of a
ruminant
herbivore
Digestion of cell walls
with cellulose takes place
in the complex stomach.
Later on food is
brought back up into
the animal's mouth
to be chewed more
Digestive tube of
a non-ruminant
herbivore
Digestion of cell walls
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with cellulose takes place
in the big stomach
Plants, particularly grasses, are very hard to digest. Animals that eat plants need to have a
particular bacteria inside their bodies to help break down the cell walls with cellulose
Some herbivores are ruminants (say room-in-unt). This means that there are 4 parts to their
stomachs:
Food goes to the first parts, called the rumen (say room-in) and the reticulum (say reh-tickyou-lm), where cellulose digestion takes place. Later on this food is brought back up into the
animal's mouth to be chewed more.
Then food is swallowed and goes into the third and fourth parts of the stomach, called the
omasum (say oh-ma-sm) and abomasum (say uh-boe-ma-sm), where digestion continues.
Ruminants do not need to drink very much water because there is moisture in and on the
plants they eat.
Ruminant herbivores include
giraffe,
antelopes, camel.
Non- ruminant herbivores include
zebra, hippopotamus, rhinoceros.
Some herbivores are non-ruminants. The digestion of cell walls with cellulose takes
place further down their digestive system
Non-ruminants pass quite a lot of undigested food out of their bodies. They have to
spend about three quarters of the day feeding.
Ruminant
digestion
Like other vertebrates, ruminant (including deer, cows...) cannot digest cellulose/fiber.
Digestion in ruminants occurs in a four-chambered stomach. Plant material is initially taken
into the Rumen, where it is exposed to bacteria than can break down cellulose. The
Reticulum allows the animal to regurgitate ("RUMINATION, chew its cud"). Food is then
passed to the Omasum, for further mechanical processing. The mass finally goes to the
true stomach, the Abomassum, where the digestive enzyme lysozyme breaks down the
bacteria so as to release nutrients.
(Video)
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Respiratory system
Respiration in animals
O2
CO2
Cellular respiration
gas
exchange
mitochondrion
oxygen
energy
carbon dioxide
Gas exchange surfaces in animals
moist surfaces
thin surfaces
surfaces full of blood
vessels
Breathing



Breathing is the action of moving air to the
inside of the body and then, move air
outside.
In other words, inhale and exhale.
Breathing provide the oxygen needed for
respiration.
Cutaneous gas exchange
Very small animals and a few larger animals that live in moist environments use this type of
gas exchange. Worms are an example.
Earthworms have capillaries right under their “skin.” To be able to exchange gases directly with
their environment, earthworms must stay moist
Why do cylindrical shape -as in earthwormor flat shape -as in these examples hereare appropriated for cutaneous gas
exchange?
Can animals with cutaneous gas exchange
live in dry evironment?
Flatworm (planaria)
Tape worm (tenia o solitaria)
Amphibian carry out cutaneous respiration
as well as pulmonary
or very rarely branchial respiration
“Ajolote)
Located in Mexican fresh waters; This
specie maintain its gills through
adulthood, remaining aquatic.
The frog is an animal which breathes through its skin as well as by using a pair of simple
lungs. The graph below shows how much the frog uses these two different ways of
breathing throughout the year.
Questions
1. When does the frog use its lungs the most during the year?
2. When does the frog use its lungs least during the year?
3. Does the frog breathe in oxygen mostly through its skin or mostly through its lungs?
4. Why do you think that the frog needs more oxygen in spring and why does it need so little
oxygen in winter?
Bony fish
Branchial respiration
gills
internal gills
Cartilaginous
fish
operculum
water
circulation
blood
circulation
Axolotl
external gills
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Tracheal respiration
Insects
tracheae
Arachnids
air
Myriapods
spiracle
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Pulmonary respiration
Birds
air sacs
NEXT
Pulmonary respiration
Reptiles
lungs with
chambers
NEXT
Types of respiration in animals
Mammals
Pulmonary respiration
alveoli
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Types of respiration in animals
Cutaneous respiration
Tracheal respiration
Branchial respiration
Pulmonary respiration