Chapters I - IV
Review
Nouns - Endings

Endings are important! Endings show
case, number and gender of the nouns.

What gender are most 1st declension nouns?

1st declension nouns are all feminine (except words
of occupations)

What gender are most 2nd declension nouns?
– 2nd declension nouns are mostly masculine (with
a few neuters –what does neuter mean)

Cases (represented by endings) show HOW
a noun is used in the sentence by identifying
which part of speech a noun will represent.
Nouns - Cases



Nominative Case – used for subjects or predicate
nominatives - other nouns that ‘equal’ (or are the
same as) the subject, and that are in the predicate –
known as predicate nominatives. Sentences that
include ‘being verbs’ will have predicate
nominatives.
Predicate – The predicate is the verb and
everything else in the sentence EXCEPT the subject.
Accusative Case – used for direct objects. Direct
objects receive the action of the verb. I threw the
pen. What did I throw? Direct Objects are used in
sentences with ACTION verbs
Nouns - Declension
Declension – a group of nouns with the same pattern of
endings.
 1st Declensions Nouns
– All end in –a for nominative singular and –ae for
genitive singular
– All follow the pattern of 1st Declension endings as
shown on our posters
– ALMOST all are feminine. (1st Decl. endings are
feminine.)
 Only some words of profession (occupation, work,
etc.) are masculine (agricola, nauta, and poeta)
 2nd Declension Nouns
– MOST are masculine, which follow the pattern of 2nd
Declension endings on our posters. 2nd declension
endings are masculine.

Adjectives
The ending of an adjective MUST
agree with the ending of the noun it
modifies, in case, number, and
gender.
 In Latin, adjectives most often follow the
nouns they modify.

– Be sure to put the adjective before the noun
in an English translation.
– If the adjective is part of the predicate with a
‘to be’ verb, put the adjective after the ‘to be’
or linking verb in a translation.
 (Via est dura. The road is hard.)
Noun-Adjective Examples
Equus magnus
 Aquam malam
 Puellae parvae
 Silvas bonas
 Insula magna
 Carros longos
 Servi boni
 Equum bonum

Verbs – What the subject ‘is’ or
what the subject does.
A verb can be the entire predicate or just
part of it
 A verb tells us WHEN something is
happening. Right now, we just know
present tense.
 Verbs communicate ACTION or STATE OF
BEING (I am, you are, he is, we are, etc.)

A Conjugated Verb
Present Tense
SINGULAR
PLURAL
I like
amo
we like
amamus
you like
amas
you like
amatis
he,
she,
or it likes
amat
they like
amant
Subject-Verb Agreement

Verbs and subjects need to agree in person and
number.
– Puellae equos amant.
– Agricola laborat. The ‘t’ ending (he, she or it,
agrees with the word farmer)
– Insulam amamus.
– Familiae laborant. The –nt ending agrees with
the word families.
– Silvam spectatis.
– Carrus fortunam portat.
Conjunctions
ET
- AND
SED
– BUT
QUOD
– BECAUSE
or SINCE
Adverbs You Have Had
Minime
Sic
Non
Nunc
Ubi
- no, not at all
- yes
- not
- now
- where