Big Idea
The ocean is important yet relatively
unexplored
The Science of
Marine Biology
http://www.uaa.alaska.edu/enri/aset/images/sea-otter.jpg
http://www.sun-and-surf-scuba-diving.com/images/scuba-diver-001.jpg
nantucketwaterfrontnews.blogspot.com/2007/09/...
Marine Biology
• Study of all living
things in the ocean
• Involves chemistry,
earth science ,
physics and
biology
Chemistry of Ocean Water
• Amount of dissolved materials-gases, salts,
nutrients
• Novel compounds made by marine organismsmany marine animals cope with their world
chemically
• Marine pollution and climate change -How
atmosphere’s CO2 increases ocean acidity
• Chemical cycles-How materials are cycled
through the oceans
Chemistry
•
Example- Researching changing pH of the oceans and its effect on marine life
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png
Earth Science
• Plate tectonics
– Volcanoes, earthquakes, sea floor spreading,
subduction zones all affect the shape of the ocean
basins
• Coastal processes
– Waves and wind, storms all change the shape of
our coastlines
Earth Science
Ex- Mapping the sea floor with sonar and discovering
new volcanoes
•
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/09/the-largest-volcano-on-earth-discoveredbeneath-the-pacific-ocean.html
• Aug-Oct 2006
http://coastalchange.ucsd.edu/st3_basics/beaches.html
Physics
• Motion in the ocean-currents, waves, tides
– Move heat energy and materials around the ocean
basins
• Interaction between the ocean surface and
atmosphere
– Climate control, water cycle and earth’s energy
budget
Physics
Modeling underwater robot movement on the
movement of sting rays-which swim very
efficiently
• http://images.sciencedaily.com/2013/11/131113152534-large.jpg
Biology
Ex.-Recent discovery of
fluorescent fish species and
possible uses in research
• http://images.sciencedaily.com/2014/01/140109004259.jpg
Importance of the Oceans
• Source of food
– 16% of all animal protein consumed worldwide
comes from the oceans
– We are catching fish faster than they can
reproduce
– 60-70% of fish types are in danger
http://www.sflorg.com/ear/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/imear102908-01-01.jpg
Estimates that
8-25% of what
is caught is
bycatch that is
discarded
http://scienceblogs.com/shiftingbaselines/2007/06/national_fisheries_institute_
r.php
Importance of the Oceans
• Source of medicine
–Vitamin A and D from
cod liver oil
–antibiotics from algae
–heart rate controllers
from some fish venom,
etc.
http://www.practicaltruisms.com/Images/Taceva%20Page%20Images/CodLiver
Importance of the Oceans
• Source of raw materials
–Oil, natural gas
• Drilling through the crust offshore
–Minerals, rare earth metals
• Interest in mining or vacuuming up
materials from the seabed
–Environmental risks from these
activities make both somewhat
controversial
http://www.labucketbrigade.org/img/original/offshore%20drilling.jpg
Importance of the Oceans
• Recreation and Tourism
– 6.3 billion dollars in Monmouth and Ocean county
in 2012
– Revenue down 20-40% since Hurricane Sandy
https://encryptedhttps://encryptedtbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSn1vtkMqLVQtNQ8bLrZJDVUudc4jUQknl4C97ITZkkyF
tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRXv7G4PyHrKRcxLszC09GGQq0Lw9NfAT3sDyYWMln
pf0hIB
R213E1R9B
Importance of the Oceans
• Animal Models for Research
– Squid…..nervous system
“Smart squid may unlock the secret of how
animals and people learn”
– Horseshoe crabs…..sight
"20/20 Foresight: Studying Vision of
Horseshoe Crabs." Robert Bazell,
correspondent. NBC Today Show.
NBCUniversal Media. 24 Sep. 1984. NBC
Learn. Web. 5 September 2012.
Can we put a number on it???
• Annual value of ocean resources is about 20
trillion dollars
Importance of the Oceans
• Climate Control
– Cycles heat, water and CO2
– Complex phenomena like El Nino and the North
Atlantic Oscillation are caused by the ocean
atmosphere connection
• Atmospheric Connection
– Gases are continuously moving between ocean and
atmosphere
– Ocean phytoplankton account for 90% of world
oxygen production
wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb
The Historyof Marine Biology
http://www.aquarium.ucsd.edu/Education/Learning_Resources/Challenger/vessel2.php
http://www.siphonophores.org/images/3232_600.jpg
Coastal people of every culture since the beginning of
time have accumulated knowledge of the oceans
– Stone age- evidence of early fishing practices
– Egyptians- Hieroglyphic warnings not to eat
puffer fish
– Early Greeks- Used electric sting ray for electric
shock therapy
– Aristotle- first marine biologist ie- first written
observations of marine life
Early navigation and exploration aided in the knowledge of
our oceans
– Early maps…
• Ancient Pacific Islanders
• 3 dimensional maps of sticks, shells and string
– First navigators (1200-250 BC)
• Phoenicians- circumnavigate Africa, built lighthouses…)
– Vikings (~1000 AD)
• Discovered N America
– Arab traders (1100’s AD)
• Amassed knowledge of winds and currents
http://thenonist.com/images/uploads/stckchrt11.jpg
European exploration from the Renaissance on was
for trade and then curiosity
• Mid 17th to 18th century
– James Cook
• Used a chronometer (and accurate timepiece)and
knowledge of latitude and longitude to make accurate
maps
• Mapped out many islands in the South Pacific
– Benjamin Franklin
• Mapped out the Gulf Stream current in the Atlantic
Ocean using observations from merchant ships
• Comparing maps of
Gulf Stream
windows2universe.org
19th Century Exploration for pure science
• Charles Darwin (HMS Beagle)
– Collection and recorded observations of animal
and plant life from west coast of South America
including barnacles
– Theory of Natural Selection
– Theory of formation of coral atolls
19th Century Exploration for pure science
• Edward Forbes
– Founder of the science of marine biology
• Charles Thompson (HMS Challenger)
– Founder of oceanography
– Voyage collected sediment from ocean floor, water
samples, collected and described 4700 species of marine
life, recorded data on ocean including temperature,
pressure, tides and wave action
20th Century to present-Long term
studies of marine life
• Marine labs- permanent facilities for research
– Ex. NOAA labs in Woods Hole Mass. Sandy Hook
NJ
James J Howard Lab
Sandy Hook, NJ
nefsc.noaa.gov
Marine Science Today
• Less than 5% of ocean has been explored
• Advances in technology have expanded our
understanding of the oceans
– Study ocean from space to the deepest depths
• Problem solving approach of the scientific
method is used to conduct research
Technology is used for
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Transportation to study area
Observing and counting
Collecting organisms
Measuring physical properties
Studying movement
Identifying and cataloging
Compiling and analyzing data
Tool
Where it’s used
Remote sensors Satellites that
orbit the Earth
in space and
observe the
planet without
any contact
How it works
Passively
collects
information
that is acoustic,
photographic
or EM
spectrum and
sends back
information to
computers
Data it collects
Examples/Other
temperature,
TOPEX/
ice cover, ocean Poseidon
productivity,
sea surface
height
SEASTAR
Tool
Submersibles
Where it’s used
How it works
Data it collects
Can dive to
depths of 6500
m if manned
and more if
robotic
Overcome
bouyancy by
filling empty
chambers with
water
Used to
observe, record
and collect
samples from
deep ocean
habitats. Used
to recover and
explore wrecks
Examples/Other
Trieste and
Alvin -manned
Jason and Argorobotic
Also called
ROVs-remote
operated
vehicles
Tool
SCUBAA portable
apparatus
containing
compressed air
and used for
breathing
under water.
Where it’s used
Deepest dive
was 135 m
How it works
Divers breathe
air from a
compressed air
tank and are
able to stay
underwater for
several hours
Data it collects
Examples/Other
Aquanaut can
conduct
research
underwater as
if in a
laboratory
Divers must be
careful when
ascending.
Ascending too
quickly can
lead to “the
bends”
Tool
Tags
Where it’s used
Attached to
animals
How it works
Data it collects
Records
information
and either
remotely
reports data
or needs to be
physically
removed and
data
recovered
Record video
on a camera,
collect data
on the
physical
environment.
Examples/Other
Crittercam
SCUBA
A portable apparatus containing compressed air
and used for breathing under water.
www.thefreedictionary.com/scuba
ROV
• Remotely operated, robotic submersible
submersible
• Submergible. n. A vessel capable of operating
or remaining under water.
• www.thefreedictionary.com/submersible
Satellite
• An object launched to orbit Earth
chronometer
• An exceptionally precise timepiece
Unit Activities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Future shark
Critter cam movie
El nino activity / Topex poiseidon
Ocean drilling movie
Earth Science oceans
Poster
Threats to the Ocean HW
Study guide