Name: __________________________________
Block: ____________
Lab Partners: __________________ __________________ ____________________ ____________________
Honors Biology
The Liver Lab
Introduction to Enzymes
In each individual cell of a human there are many chemical reactions taking place, performing the necessary functions for being a large, complex,
multicellular organism. This is relatively easy to understand. How do these reactions occur? This is not so easy to understand. Chemical reactions
involve the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds between molecules (substrate(s) of the reaction), which are transformed into different molecules
(product(s) of the reaction). Chemical reactions can occur spontaneously (without added energy or intervention), and indeed many of the chemical
reactions necessary for life processes are spontaneous; some however, are not. Metabolic pathways are processes, which involve many chemical
reactions that occur in a specific order.
For example, to get energy out of a molecule of glucose, a series of reactions must take place in a specific order to break the bonds between the
carbons of the glucose molecule. In addition, you have to rely on a series of chemical reactions that break down stored glycogen into glucose
molecules to have glucose molecules in the first place. If you had to rely on these reactions to take place spontaneously, you would wait a very long
time -- you wouldn't be here! Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions so that they occur in a timely and sequential manner to produce a product.
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They help to increase the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes are most often proteins and their three-dimensional
shape is important to their catalytic activity. Because of their 3-D shape, enzymes are highly specific for the reactions that they catalyze. In other
words, they are highly specific for the substrates that they will act upon. So any one "function", such as getting energy from a glucose molecule,
actually involves many reactions, each with a specific enzyme.
Enzyme activity is influenced by many factors. You will conduct a series of experiments and observe the reaction that takes place in several test
tubes. The reaction that we will be studying is the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. This reaction will be catalyzed by the
catalase enzyme found in liver. Catalase is an enzyme, which is found in many cells, but in highest levels in the liver because the liver often
functions to break down toxins present in the blood.
PRELAB #:
1. What is an enzyme?
2. What do enzymes do?
3. Define catalyst.
4. Complete the following sentence:
a. All enzymes are
_______________________ but not
all _____________________ are
enzymes.
5. Do a little research and determine THREE (3) factors that will effect the effectiveness of enzymes:
a.
b.
c.
6. Highlight the reactant(s) in the equation above yellow. Highlight the product(s) in the equation above green.
7. What is our substrate in this lab?
8. What is our enzyme in this lab?
9. How will we know that the enzyme is working? (HINT: Look at the products, what would having these together LOOK like?)
MATERIALS:
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100 mL beaker
test tube holders
5 test tubes
1 test tube rack
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
dropper
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Liver Samples (raw, boiled, base, acid,
iced)
splints
goggles
matches
PROCEDURE:
1. You will prepare the contents as outlined below for each corresponding test tube:
a. Test tube #1 – Raw Liver & *H2O2
b. Test tube #2 – Liver (that has been soaked in ammonia overnight), & *H2O2
c. Test tube #3 – Liver (that has been boiled for several minutes) & *H2O2
d. Test tube #4 – Liver (that has been cooled on ice for several minutes) & *H2O2
e. Test tube #5 – Liver (that has been soaked in lemon juice overnight) & *H2O2
* VERY IMPORTANT: DO NOT ADD THE H2O2 until you are running the experiment for that test tube.
2. Record a hypothesis for EACH test tube set-up BEFORE beginning the lab. (space below)
3. Test ONE test tube at a time.
a. Test Tube #1:
i. Place piece of raw liver in test tube, add 10 drops of H2O2 and record results.
b. Test Tube #2:
i. Place piece of liver soaked in ammonia in test tube, add 10 drops of H2O2 and record results.
c. Test Tube #3:
i. Place piece of boiled liver in test tube and add 10 drops of H2O2 and record results.
d. Test Tube #4:
i. Place piece of cooled liver in test tube and add 10 drops of H2O2 and record results.
e. Test Tube #5:
i. Place piece of lemon-soaked liver in test tube, add 10 drops of H2O2 and record results.
4. Record observations of each experiment for ~3 minutes.
5. Interpret what you think has happened to the enzyme.
6. CLEAN UP; CLEAN UP; EVERYBODY, EVERYWHERE!!!! CLEAN UP, CLEAN UP, EVERYBODY DO YOUR
SHARE!!!
DATA:
TUBE #
CONTENTS
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
INTERPRETATIONS
ANALYSIS:
1. What effect do you think water would have on enzyme function?
a. How do you know?
2. What effect did the ice have on enzyme function?
a. How do you know?
3. What effect did the heat have on enzyme function?
a. How do you know?
b. Explain why you think this happened?
4. What effect did the lemon juice have on enzyme function?
a. How do you know?
5. Why is it important to use the same size liver piece and volume of H2O2 in every experimental setup?
6. Explain how enzyme function is like a lock and key. (You may draw and label a diagram in addition to writing an
explanation if that makes it easier for you.)
7. The function of the liver is to break down fats and build certain proteins. Cirrhosis of the liver is a disease which
causes the liver to become thickened and “rubbery.” Though it has many causes, one of the most common is due to
constant exposure to harmful substances such as alcohol. Hypothesize how enzyme function in the liver would be
affected in a person with cirrhosis.
8. Write a CONCLUSION on your lab experiment.