Carbohydrates & Lipids
KEY WORDS
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)
Polymer
Monomer
Carbohydrate
Simple sugar
Complex carbohydrate
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Lipid
Triglyceride
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
Steroid
Cholesterol
The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrate Types
1. SIMPLE SUGARS
Monosaccharides - one sugar molecule
• Hexose = 6 carbons
Glucose –cell energy
Fructose - honey
Galactose – milk
• Pentose = 5 carbons
Ribose - RNA
Deoxyribose - DNA
Linear and ring forms of glucose
Carbohydrate Types
2. SIMPLE SUGARS
Disaccharides - two sugar molecule
Sucrose (sugar)
Glucose + Fructose
Lactose (milk)
Glucose + Galactose
Maltose (grains)
Glucose + Glucose
How are disaccharides made?
Dehydration synthesis:
Examples of disaccharide synthesis
Carbohydrate Types
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
POLYSACCHARIDES:
Long chains of monosaccharides
EXAMPLES
Starch (amylose)
Glycogen
Fiber (cellulose)
Chitin
Starch
• Long-term energy storage of
glucose for plants (roots,
seeds)
• < 500,000 glucoses
Glycogen
Short term storage
polysaccharide for animals
• ~300g carbs stored in body
• 72g liver (glycogen)
• 245g muscle (glycogen)
• 10g blood (glucose)
Storage polysaccharides
Chitin
String of modified glucose
Structural component of:
Insects, Arthropods, fungi
Cellulose
•Polymer of glucose
•Structural material in plants - Fiber
•Why indigestible?
•Monomers linked together differently than in starch
•Starch
•Cellulose
Starch verses Cellulose
• Glucose linked differently
• Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive
enzymes
• Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows
and termites do make enzymes that can digest
cellulose
Starch and cellulose structures
Starch and cellulose structures
QUESTION
When you eat a starchy food, an enzyme in your
mouth breaks it down into maltose. Maltose
enters your small intestine, where it is broken
down into glucose. The starch is a _________, the
maltose is a ________, and the glucose is
a(n):_________.
a) Protein
b) Monosaccharide
c) Triglyceride
d) Amino acid
e) Polysaccharide
dipeptide
disaccharide
fatty acid
dipeptide
disaccharide
amino acid
polysaccharide
glycerol
protein
monosaccharide
Question
• Which of the following terms includes
all others in the list?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Starch
Carbohydrate
Polysaccharide
Question
• The molecular formula for glucose is
C6H12O6. What would be the
molecular formula for 10 glucoses
linked together?
LIPIDS
Three Major Groups of Lipids
• Oils, Fats, and Waxes
• Phospholipids
• Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen,
Testosterone, etc…)
Similarities of Fats and Oils
• All contain C, H, and O
• Usually no ring structures
• Made up of fatty acid subunits (long
chain of carbons and hydrogen
with a carboxyl end)
Triglycerides
• Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids
linked to a glycerol (condensation)
The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
Fatty Acid Subunits:
FATS
vs.
OILS
• Solid at room
temperature
• From animal sources,
coco & palm
• Saturated with hydrogens
• Liquid at room temp.
• From plants
• Unsaturated
Types of Fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Saturated
Unsaturated
Unsaturated Fats
• Monounsaturated: One C=C
– olive, canola, nut oils
• Polyunsaturated: More than one C=C
– corn safflower, soy oils
• Hydrogenated: Oils made solid by breaking
C=C bonds and replacing with H
(Hydrogenation)
– Partially hydrogenated - margarine
Phospholipids
• One fatty acid chain (non-polar, hydrophobic)
of triglyceride replaced with a phosphate
group (charged, hydrophilic)
• chief component of lipid bilayer, outer
membrane of all cells
Phospholipids
Steroids
• Four fused rings of carbon
• steroid hormones: estrogen,
testosterone
• cholesterol: vital
component of cell
membranes
Cholesterol, a steroid
Cholesterol
•Body will make if not enough in diet
•Part of lipid membrane around cells
•Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane
The structure of a phospholipid
Phospholipid
Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments
Question
• What is the difference between the
two ring forms of glucose (alpha &
beta)?
Question
• Human sex hormones belong to what
family of lipids?
Question
• How many water molecules are
needed to completely hydrolyze a
polymer that is 100 monomers long?
Question
Unsaturated fats:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Are more common in animals than plants
Have double bonds in their carbon chains
Solidify at room temperature
Contain more H than saturated fats having
the same # of C
E. Have fewer fatty acid chains