Period 2: 1607 - 1754
Colonization
Key Concept 2.1
1.
Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and
fought for dominance, control, and security in
North America, and distinctive colonial and native
societies emerged.
2.
Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North
American environments that different empires confronted
led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of
colonization.
Spanish, French, Dutch, and British
Had different patterns of colonization
 Spain
 had tight control over colonization with work to convert
and/or exploit the native population.
 French and Dutch
 sent few Europeans and sought trade agreements and
intermarriage with American Indians.
French Colonization
 Canada
 Wealth
 Conversion to Christianity
 Viewed Natives as economic
partners
 Dependent on Native
Americans for furs
 Fur traders lived with Natives,
marrying them, and studying
their culture
Graphic Organizer
 In your notes use a Venn Diagram to Compare/Contrast
French Colonization and Spanish Colonization
Spain
France
Preview: Crash Course
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTYOQ05oDOI&ind
ex=3&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
English Colonization
 Sought to establish colonies based on agriculture
 Sent a large number of men, women, and families to
acquire land and populate the settlement.
 Had relatively hostile relationships with the American
Indians.
Characteristics
 Unlike Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies
 The English colonies attracted both
males and females
 who rarely intermarried with either
native peoples or Africans,
 leading to the development of a rigid racial
hierarchy
England in the New World: Chesapeake
Identify these terms in your notes:
 Roanoke Colony
 Richard Hakluyt
 Indentured servants
 Jamestown
 Headright system
 House of Burgesses
 Uprising of 1622
 Tobacco
 John Smith
 John Rolfe
 Starving Time
Some reasons for English Colonization in
17th Century
National pride led to empire building
1.

2.
Empire: groups of nations or people ruled by a larger government
Religious
 Henry VIII began the Reformation in England that led to religious
strife between the Catholics and Protestants
 Viewed it a divine mission to populate the Earth with Protestants
 anti-Catholicism & anti-Spain
Trade would increase wealth
4. Overcrowding in England
3.
Migration to America: Push & Pull Factors
Push Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
empire building
political turmoil
religious conversions
religious persecution
goods to trade (to increase wealth)
overcrowding in England
Pull Factors
Settling the Chesapeake
 Roanoke Colony Mystery
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofhIJ1wMKtc
 Jamestown (1607)
 Starving Time
 John Smith organized efforts
 The Virginia Company
 Headright System
 House of Burgesses / 1st elected representative body in America
 Tobacco / John Rolfe
 Little or no sense of family
Jamestown, Virginia
 Funded by the Virginia Company (a joint-stock
company)
“one of America’s most unsuccessful villages”




p.36
Location
Not used to hard work
Wanted gold like Spain
Starving Time 1609-1610
 Famine
 Famine had compelled them to consume “those Hogs, Dogs & horses that
were then in the Colony, together with rats, mice, snakes, or what vermin or
carrion soever we could light on, as also Toad-stools, Jewes ears, or what else
we found growing upon the ground that would fill either mouth or belly; and
were driven through unsufferable hunger unnaturally to eat those things which
nature most abhorred, the flesh and excrements of man, as well of our own
nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his grave after he had lain buried
three days & wholly devoured him…”
From the Colonial Records ofVirginia
Was Jamestown destined for failure?
 NO! thanks in part to John Smith
 Brought order out of anarchy
 Military discipline
 People hated him…but they lived
 Also, thanks to John Rolfe
 Cultivated “stinking weed” (tobacco)
 Means to make money for the
Virginia Company
(Also Married Pocahontas)
Virginia Company
 Embarrassed the King
 Virginia became a royal colony
 Appointed a governor and council
 House of Burgesses
 Gave wealthy planters a voice in government
Relationship with Natives
 At first cooperative and peaceful
 Uprising of 1622
 as tensions result from the fact that the English are staying.
 Read & Write: Do you think the Native Americans’ actions were
justified? Explain
 Tobacco growth resulted in large dispersed plantations in need
of a large labor force
 Indentured servants and Native Americans supplied that force.
 Planter social strata emerged
Colony of Maryland
 Established as a protected location for colonial Catholics
 Similar history to Jamestown
 Period of starvation and death
 Followed by the salvation of tobacco
 Also established a plantation social structure
 Similar to feudalism
Indentured Servants
 Settlers who could pay to get to America were free people
 Indentured Servants
 Couldn’t afford to come to America
 Voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a time period
in exchange for a ride to America
 Nearly 2/3 of settlers
 Could be bought and sold
 Couldn’t marry without permission from owner
 Most didn’t live long enough to see freedom
Emergence of African Slavery
 Emergence of Atlantic Slave Trade because of:
 the abundance of land
 a shortage of indentured servants
 the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples
 the growing European demand for colonial goods
 Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the
dehumanizing aspects of slavery. (rebellion, sabotage, escape)
Why Africans>Servants?
 Weren’t protected by English law
 Terms of service never expired
 Skin color made it difficult to hide/run away
 Accustomed to agricultural labor
 Resistant to many diseases
 More economical
 Strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority
 Africans seen to be so different that they were “enslavable”
Other Southern Colonies
 The Carolinas
 North and South
 Planters from Barbados
 Extended plantation society
 Georgia
 Buffer state between English colonies and Spanish Florida
 Settled by “good” prisoners from England
New England Colonies
Reading Assignment
(don’t just scan for the words: READ)
 Puritanism
 John Calvin
 Pilgrims
 Mayflower Compact
 John Winthrop
 Great Migration of 1629
 Religious Uniformity
 Roger Williams
 Anne Hutchinson
 Pequot War
New England Colonies
The New England colonies, founded primarily by
Puritans seeking to establish a community of likeminded religious believers, developed a close-knit
homogeneous society and – aided by favorable environmental
conditions – a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and
commerce.
Puritanism
 Believed the Church of England was too much like Catholicism
 Followed the beliefs of John Calvin
 world was divided into two groups – the elect and the damned.
 Hard work and prosperity would indicate that you were
among the elect
 (Puritan Work Ethic)
 Showed little tolerance for other faiths and dissenters
 Came to America to escape “corruption” of England
 Create a “city on a hill”
Plymouth, 1620
 Settled by Pilgrims coming from The
Netherlands
 Mayflower was blown off course and
landed in Massachusetts
 Were trying to get to Virginia
 Established Plymouth
 Signed the Mayflower Compact
 first written frame of government in what
is now the United States
 Autumn of 1621celebrated at the first
Thanksgiving.
Family as Ordained by the Church
Men
• Male authority in
the household
• Did labor
• Full church
members
• Religious Leadership
Women
• Married women had
severely limited rights
• Full church
members
• Religious Leadership
Government in New England
 Each town was self-governing and stressed individualism and
social unity.
 Based on Puritan beliefs
 Each town had a church and a school
 Harvard College, 1636
 Est. to train an educated ministry
 Puritan democracy was only for those within the church.
 To keep the gov’t pure
 Church and state are closely connected
 Tolerance of difference was not high on the list of
Puritan values.
More Colonies Appear
 Roger Williams
 Banished from Massachusetts
 Believed in the separation of church and state
 Established Rhode Island with his followers
 Thomas Hooker
 establishes Connecticut
 Similar to Rhode Island
 Anne Hutchinson pg.62
 Who was she?
 What was her “crime” and punishment”?
Middle Colonies
 The demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse




middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy
based on cereal crops.
Pennsylvania – William Penn – Refuge for Quakers (Society
of Friends)
New York – purchased from the Dutch
Delaware
New Jersey
The Pequot War
 View and discuss “The Massacre at Mystic” from the series
Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America.
Write:
1. How would you describe relationships between the Puritan
settlers and the Pequot before the Pequot War? Why do you
think these relationships changed so quickly?
2. Compare and contrast Puritan and Pequot ideas about the
following: land and property, division of labor and gender,
and warfare?
Cultures are Changed
 Continuing contact with Europeans increased the flow of
trade goods and diseases into and out of native communities,
stimulating cultural and demographic changes.
 By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons
and alcohol and by rewarding Indian military actions,
Europeans helped increase the intensity and destructiveness
of American Indian warfare.