Name: ________________________________________
Pd: _____
Ch 4: Skin & Body Membranes
Objectives:
Students will be able to:
 List the general functions of each membrane type—cutaneous, mucous, serous, and
synovial.
 List important functions of the integumentary system, and how they are accomplished.
 Recognize and name specific structures of the skin—epidermis, dermis, hair, hair follicle,
sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.
 Name the layers of the epidermis.
 Name factors that attribute to skin color.
 Differentiate between first, second, and third degree burns.
 Explain the importance of the rule of nines.
 List several examples of integumentary system aging.
Homework
p. 127-8 MC # 1-8, SA # 1-14
Classification of Body Membranes
Body membranes ____________ surfaces, ________ body cavities, and form
________________ (and often lubricating) sheet around organs. There are two
major groups of bod membranes: _____________ membranes and ____________
tissue membranes. The two types are classified in part according to their tissue
make up.
Epithelial membranes, also called _____________ and __________
membranes include: ________________ (skin)
_________________
_________________
Calling these membranes “epithelial” is misleading and inaccurate because not
only do they have epithelial sheets, but are always combined with an underlying
connective tissue, thus making them simple organs.
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_________________ membrane, or skin, is a _____
membrane, and the ___________ protective boundary.
Its _______________ epidermis is composed of
keratinizing ____________ ______________
epithelium. The underlying _________ is mostly
________ connective tissue.
__________ membranes (or mucosa) surface epithelium
type varies based upon location. The underlying tissue is ______
connective tissue, and is called the lamina propria. It
________ all bod cavities that open to the exterior, it is
also found in areas of the body for ______________
or ____________. All mucosae are moist membranes that
are continuously bathed in secretions.
__________ membranes (or serosa) are
composed of a layer of _________ ____________
epithelium, with an underlying thin layer of
____________ tissue. These membranes line body
cavities that are closed to the exterior (except for the
dorsal body cavity, and joint cavities). Serous layers
are separated by __________ fluid. This fluid allows
the organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and
one another without friction as they carry out their routine functions.
The specific names of the serous membranes depend on their locations. The
serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs is the
_______________. In the thorax, serous membranes isolate lungs and heart from
one another. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the ________, and that
surrounding the heart is the _________________.
_____________ membranes are composed of soft tissue only (areolar), and
contain no epithelial cells at all. These membranes line the _____________
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capsules surrounding joints, where they provide a smooth surface and secrete a
lubricating fluid.
Integumentary System
The integumentary system includes the _____ (cutaneous membrane), and
its derivatives: ______ glands, ____ glands, _______, and _______.
The skin, also called the __________, protects deeper tissues from:
 ____________________
 ____________________
 ____________________
 ____________________
 ____________________
 ____________________ (drying out) via keratin
It also aids in ______ regulation, ____________ of urea and uric acid, and
________________ vitamin D.
The skin is composed of two kinds of tissues. The outer ____________ is
made up of ___________ _____________ epithelium which is often keratinized
(hardened by keratin). The underlying _______ is mostly made up of _______
connective tissue.
Deep to the dermis is the subcutaneous tissue or the _____________. It is
not part of the skin, but ___________ the skin to underlying organs. It is composed
mostly of ________ tissue. The hypodermis serves as a shock absorber, and
insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes occurring outside
the body. The epidermis is composed of up to five (5) zones or layers called
_______.
1. ___________________________
 Cells undergoing mitosis
 Lies next to dermis
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
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 Occurs only in thick skin
5. ___________________________
 Shingle-like dead cells
____________ is a pigment produced by melanocytes. It is responsible for
producing skin tones of _________ to _______ to _______. Melanocytes are found
in the stratum _________. The amount of melanin produced depends on
________ and exposure to ____________.
The dermis is composed of two layers: __________ layer and the _________
layer. The papillary layer has projections called ________ papillae, which indent
the epidermis above. Many of the papillae contain _____________ ________
which furnish nutrients to the epidermis. Others house _____ receptors. On the
palms of the hands and soles of the feet, the papillae are arranged in definite
patterns that form looped and whorled ridges on the epidermal surface that
increase friction and enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet. The
ridges of fingertips are well provided with sweat pores and leave unique,
identifying films of sweat called fingerprints on almost anything they touch.
The reticular layer is the deepest skin layer. It contains _______ vessels,
_______ and ______ glands, and ________ receptors.
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There are three pigments that contribute to skin color:
1. ______________ yellow, brown or black pigments
2. ______________ orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
3. ______________ red coloring from blood cells in the dermal capillaries;
oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring.
People who have a lot of melanin have brown skin, while fairer skinned people
have less melanin, and the crimson color of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the dermal
blood supply flushes through the transparent cell layers above, giving them a rosy
glow.
The skin appendages include:
1. ________________ (oil) glands
a. Produce oil, which serves as ____________ for skin and ________
bacteria
b. Most glands with _______ empty into hair follicles
c. These glands are activated at __________
2. _______________ (sweat) glands
a. Widely distributed in skin
b. There are two types
i. ________
 Open via duct o pore on skin surface
 Most abundant type in the body
ii. ________
 Ducts empty into hair follicles
 Found in the axillary and genital areas of the body
 Usually larger than eccrine
Sweat is composed of mostly _______, some metabolic _______, fatty acids
and _________ (apocrine only). Sweat helps dissipate excess ______,
__________ waste products, and its ________ nature inhibits bacteria
________. The odor is from associated bacteria.
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3. ________
There are millions of hairs scattered all over the body. Hair is produced by
hair __________, and is a flexible epithelial structure.
a. Consists of hard ____________ epithelial cells
b. Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
Parts of the hair include:
a. Central medulla
b. Cortex surrounding medulla
c. Cuticle on the outside of the cortex
 Most heavily keratinized
d. Hair follicle
 Dermal and epidermal sheath
surrounding hair root
e. Arrector pilli
 Smooth muscle
f. Sebaceous gland
g. Sweat gland
4. ___________
a. Scale-like modifications of the ______________
i. Heavily keratinized
b. Stratum __________ extends beneath the nail bed
i. Responsible for ________
c. Lack of pigment makes them _______________, they look pink because
of the rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.
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Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
The skin can develop more than 1000 different ailments. The most common
skin disorders result from allergies or bacterial, viral, or fungal infections.
 Infections and Allergies
 ___________ ______
a. Caused by fungal infection
b. An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes
 ________ and ____________
a. Caused by bacterial infection
b. Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, common on
the dorsal neck.
 _______ _____
a. Caused by virus (herpes simplex infection)
b. Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting—localized in a
cutaneous nerve, where it lies dormant until activated by
emotional upset, fever, or UV radiation
c. Occur around the lips and oral mucosa of the mouth
 __________ ______________
a. Exposures cause allergic reaction
b. Itching redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering
 __________
a. Caused by bacterial infection
b. Pink water-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the nose and
mouth) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture
 _____________
a. Cause is unknown
b. Triggered by trauma, infection, stress
c. Characterized by overproduction of skin cells that results in
reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry silvery scales.
 Burns
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 Tissue damage and cell death caused by ______, _____________, ____
radiation, or _______.
 Associated dangers
a. Dehydration
b. Electrolyte imbalance
c. Circulatory shock
 The ______ of ______ is a way to determine the extent of burns
 The body is divided into ____ areas for quick estimation
 Each area represents about __%
 Burns are classified according to their severity (depth) as first-, second-,
or third-degree burns.
a. ______ degree burns
 Only epidermis is damaged
 Skin is red and swollen
b. _______ degree burns
 Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
 Skin is red with blisters
c. ______ degree burns
 Destroys entire skin layer
 Burn is gray-white or black
First and second degree burns are called partial thickness burns. Third
degree burns destroy the entire thickness of the skin, so they are called
full-thickness burns.
 Burns are considered critical if:
o Over ___% of body has second degree burns
o Over ___% of body has third degree burns
o There are third degree burns of the ________, ________, or
_______.
 Facial burns are dangerous because of the possibility of burned respiratory
passageways, which can swell and cause suffocation.
___________-abnormal cell mass
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 Two types:
o ________ -does not spread (encapsulated)
o __________- metastasized (moves) to other parts of the bod
 ______ cancer is the most common type of cancer.
o ________ cell carcinoma
 Least malignant
 Most common type of skin cancer
 Arises from stratum basale
o ____________ cell carcinoma
 Arises from stratum spinosum
 Metastasizes to lymph nodes
 Early removal allows a good chance for cure
o _____________ ___________
 Most deadly of skin cancers
 Cancer of melanocytes
 Metastasizes rapidly to lmph and blood vessels
 Detection uses ABCD rule
 A= ______________
o Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
 B= ____________ ______________
o Borders of mole are not smooth
 C= ________
o Different colors in pigmented area
 D=____________
o Spot is larger than 6mm in diameter
Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes
During ____ and ____ months of fetal development, the fetus is covered in a
downy type hair called lanugo, which is usually shed by birth. The infant is then
covered with vernix caseosa at birth. A white chees substance produced by
sebaceous glands that protects the skin while the baby is floating in the womb. A
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baby’s skin is very ____ at birth, and thickens over time. During adolescence, the
skin and hair become _____ due to the activation of sebaceous glands. ______
appears. Skin is at its optimal appearance in one’s _________ and _________.
Due to continuous assault via abrasion, ___________, _______, _____, and
other irritants, pores become clogged and result in dermatitis (skin inflammation).
During old age the amount of subcutaneous tissue __________. Skin becomes
______ due to decreased activity of sebaceous glands and declining collagen
fibers. Skin becomes _________, and easily bruised. Elasticity decreases. Good
_____________, plenty of _______, and _____________ delays process of aging.
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