C 34: An Age of Anxiety
Post-War Pessimism
Crash of 1929
Global Depression
Economic Experimentation
The New Deal
Guernica, Pablo Picasso (1937) 349 x 776 cm
As far as the laws of
mathematics refer
to reality, they are
not certain, and as
far as they are
certain, they do not
refer to reality.
Maasai Visitors: Tuesday May 1: 11:00-12:45 pm
How does Lenin’s
communist vision differ from
Marx and Engels?
Vladimir Lenin =
Rapid Collectivization
Confiscations
UNPOPULAR
New Economic Policy (NEP)
* partial privatization
Peasants
* promotion of agriculture
who rose
to prosperity * promotion of industry
* “Kulaks” and speculation
Centralized government/authoritarian
Stroke 1922
Died 1924
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
“Socialism in One Country”1924
vs. Trotsky “international
communist revolutions”
Massive Agricultural Collectivization
First FIVE YEAR PLAN 1928-1932
Isolation Ukrainian Famine 1932-1933
De-kulakization = SECRET POLICE
The GREAT PURGE: 8 million Soviets in
labor camps by 1939 (gulags)
Ukraine 1929-1933:
3 million died
Including 1 million children
Nikolai Yezhov, the young
man walking with Stalin in
the top photo from the
1930s, was shot in 1940.
Following his death, Yezhov
was edited out of the photo
by Soviet Censors. Such
retouching was a common
occurrence during Stalin's
rule.
The Great Purge: Results =
Arrests, 1937-1938 - about 7 million
Executed - about 1 million
Died in camps - about 2 million
In prison, late 1938 - about 1 million
In camps, late 1938 - about 8 million
MILITARISM
Hostile to liberal democracies
Hostile to class based visions of
the future
Adolf Hitler 1889-1945
1930-1933
Nazi party becomes the
largest party in parliament
Benito Mussolini 1883-1945
1921
1922
1926
elected 35 fascists to Italian parliament
(“Blackshirts”)
March on Rome
King Victor Emmanuel III asked him to
become prime minister
Seized total control
Hitler appointed Chancellor
July 1933
Nazi party only legal party
1933
Compulsory sterilization
program begins
1935 Nuremberg Laws
1938 Kristallnacht
C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America
Global National Identity Crisis: Africa
Post WW I
Post WWII
PROBLEM: Competing Interests
** desire for some degree of economic and political
independence after WW I: differed from country to country
** African interests conflict with desire by colonial powers to maintain
control =
ECONOMIC MONOCULTURE
Post WW I economic priorities:
1. Colonized must PAY for institutions
2. Developed export oriented economics
Colonial investment in African infrastructure:
Communication, transportation, port facilities
Required: colonial taxation of Africans
Peanuts (Senegal)
Cotton (Uganda)
Cocoa (Ivory Coast)
Rubber (Congo)
Africans had to resort to sharecropping
88% of land in South Africa owned by whites
Global National Identity Crisis:
Africa
Post WWII
Road to a SOLUTION:
-Victorious colonial powers maintained control
- Previously self-sufficient African economies were
overpowered by European colonial powers
- Europeans built businesses and prospered while
Africans were used as forced labor
** African educated elite began to develop movement to
support African nationalism (Jomo Kenyatta,
Marcus Garvey)
** After WW II, Africans would demand
independence from colonial rule
(Ghana = first to become independent in 1957)
Belgian Congo independent 1959
Kenya independent 1963
•To promote unity and mutual cooperation between the government
and the South African black people
•To maintain a channel between the
government and the black people
•To promote the social, educational
and political upliftment of the black
people
African National Congress
1912
•To promote understanding between
chiefs, and loyalty to the British crown
and all lawful authorities and to
promote understanding between
white and black South Africans
•To address the just grievances of the
black people
Nelson Mandela:
Imprisoned: 1964-1990
(President F.W. de Klerk reversed ban on ANC)
Nobel Peace Prize: 1993
President: 1994 (first democratically elected
South African president)
Due Today May 1:
C 37 Grapes and Questions
Maasai guests (1100a-1245p)
Wednesday May 2-Thursday May 3:
C 35/ C 36/C 37 class discussion
Friday May 4:
Practice AP Test (50 points)
AP TEST: Thursday May 17th 8am
Did you get your pass? Check for room number?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Monday May 7:
AP Psychology test in our room…
Go over Answers to Practice Exam
Tuesday May 8:
Unit I review (me)
Final 3 pages of review packet due
Wednesday May 9:
Student Reviews Begin (Unit II…)
Range of Correct
Items
Range of Percentage Correct
Score Earned
60-70
55-59
51-54
85% - 100% correct = 100%
79% - 84% correct = 95%
73% - 78% correct = 90%
50/50
47/50
45/50
47-50
43-46
67% - 72% correct = 85%
61% - 66% correct = 80%
42/50
40/50
39-42
34-38
55% - 60% correct = 75%
49% - 54% correct = 70%
37/50
35/50
30-33
26-29
43% - 48% correct = 65%
37% - 42% correct = 60%
32/50
30/50
22-25
18-21
31% - 36% correct = 55%
25% - 30% correct = 50%
27/50
25/50
13-17
9-12
19% - 24% correct = 45%
13% - 18% correct = 40%
22/50
20/50
*Below 9
*35% and Below
17/50
Global National Identity Crisis: India (Post- WW I)
Promise of self determination was a powerful motivator!
PROBLEM: Quest for independence focused on independence
From British rule BUT was complicated by ethnic differences (Hindus and Muslims).
National railroad led to increased communication, class of educated elite Indians =
reform.
Indian National Congress 1885, Muslim League 1906
Civil
disobedience
and
non-violence
Road to a SOLUTION:
Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
(transformed the Indian National Congress on his return in 1915)
Moral philosophy of tolerance and non-violence (ahisma)
Passive resistance (satyagraha “truth and firmness”)
Armitsar Massacre 1919
(British killed 379 unarmed protestors)
Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-1922
(boycott of British goods- return to homespun cotton)
Civil Disobedience Movement 1930
(more aggressive- protest on British authority =
The Salt March= led 50,000
to the Sea to make salt illegally
The India Act 1937= autonomous legislatures in Congress/ ex
Control under the British (failed)
India finally gains independence: 14 August 1947 (secular India/ Muslim Pakistan)
Intermittent
Civil War
Global National Identity Crisis: China
PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in
response to increasing Western influence and threat=
Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi)
Road to a SOLUTION:
Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic 1912
Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords
“The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene
in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through their privileges, they
impaired its sovereignty.”
World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese selfdetermination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties but instead
supported further Japanese aggression =
May Fourth Movement (Chinese rebel)
Communism =
Chinese Communist Party 1921
Mao Zedong
Nationalists =
Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek
(1887-1975)
China 1927-1936
Sun Yatsen/ Chiang Kai-Shek
(Jiang Jieshi):
• Nationalist in contrast to Communists (Three Principles of
the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy)
= no special privileges for foreigners, national reunification,
economic development, democratic government, universal
suffrage)
•Did not believe in social revolution that involved the Chinese
masses
• shunned partnership with the Communists
• avoided Great Depression/ supported agrarian economy not
connected to global economy
•Problems = only control small part of China, warlords still
in control in some areas, Communist revolution still a threat,
could not ward off Japanese aggression
JAPAN? Mukden Incident 1931,
Leaves League of Nations
World War II?
Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949
•Political radicalism
opposition to arranged marriages
• women’s equality and right to divorce
campaigned against footbinding
•Leader of the Long March (6215 miles)
women’s equality/ socialism
• ideology: Marxist-Leninist (Maoism)=
•Peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution
Cultural Revolution 1966:
“its stated goal was to enforce
socialism in the country by
removing capitalist, traditional
and cultural elements from
Chinese society”
Great Leap Forward 1949
Four Pests Campaign 1958
Mao Zedong
1893-1976
Asia
Deng Xiaoping
1904-1997
"As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other
countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism."
— Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary, 1965
Cardenas
Somoza
Taft
Roosevelt
Neo-Colonialism
Diego Rivera
Sandino
Anastasio Somoza Debayle
(1925-1980)
Post WW II: Somoza family
Wealth valued at $60 million
1955 :Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Head of National Guard
ANTI-COMMUNIST
1970s: Opposition grew = Sandinistas (FSLN)
1972: Devastating earthquake
1975:
Somoza violent campaign against FSLN (Public reports issued but ignored)
1977: President Jimmy Carter urges Somoza to stop human rights abuses:
Somoza lifts state of siege, but then continues…
1979: Nicaraguan Revolution: ousting of dictator, FSLN in power until 1990
______________________________________________________________________
1980s: Iran-Contra Affair
Father Oscar Romero
1917-1980
Romero was shot on 24 March 1980, while celebrating
Mass at a small chapel located in a hospital called "La
Divina Providencia", one day after a sermon where he
had called on Salvadoran soldiers, as Christians, to obey
God's higher order and to stop carrying out the
government's repression and violations of basic human
rights.
1898: just before
Spanish-Am War, Boxer Rebellion, Boer War
1945