Unit C: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Student Notes
Light
Light is best described as
_________________________________ (EMR).
The basic unit of EMR is known as a
_________________. This is a
__________________ of ________________
energy that can be of various
___________________________ (nm). Most of
the EMR spectrum is
________________________ to humans. We
are only able to see _____________________
light which spans 390nm - 750nm.
Pigments
These are ____________________ molecules that ________________ and _____________ certain
wavelengths of light. The major light
absorbing pigment in plants is known as
__________________________. It allows
plants to absorb light energy in the form of
_________________ and transfer this
energy in order to generate molecule of
____________________ and ultimately,
__________. Below, describe what the
graph to the right is depicting:
Plants also have other pigments within their ________________ and _________________
structures:
______________________ - Reflect yellow/orange light
______________________ - Reflect red light
Below, describe how leaves change their color in the fall:
Work with a partner to explain why plants
would produce colorful fruits…what
evolutionary advantage would this have?
Leaf Anatomy
Plants use their _______________ to harvest
light energy from the sun. The
___________________ is the cellular
organelle responsible for the process of ________________________. They are found in the
______________________ layer of a plant leaf.
In the space below, draw and label a chloroplast:
Describe each of the following structures within a chloroplast:
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid
Granum (Grana pl.)
Lamella
Thylakoid Membrane
Thylakoid Lumen
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis involves two major types of reactions:
1. ________________________________
This is the _______________ aspect of the process since it uses light energy. This reaction
involves two sub-stages:
 ______________________
 ______________________
2. ________________________________
This is the ____________________ aspect of the process since it involves synthesizing glucose.
This step utilizes a process known as the ______________________.
Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis below:
High-Energy Compounds
The process of photosynthesis involves 3 major high-energy compounds:
1. ________________
 The principle ______________ supply for most cellular functions.
 Formed by a process known as ________________________ through a
protein known as ____________________________. Write the reaction
below:

Broken down by a process known as
___________________________. Write the reaction
below:
2. ________________
 This compound serves as a temporary ___________________ for ___________________.
Write the formation and breakdown reactions below:
Formation
Breakdown
3. _______________________
 This is an energy storage molecule that is ultimately
used to generate ___________ during
____________________________.
Fundamental Reactions
____________________ is a reaction where a
compound ________________ electrons to another
molecule. If something is being oxidized, it is
___________________ electrons.
____________________ is a reaction where a
compound ________________ electrons from
another molecule. If something is being reduced, it
is ___________________ electrons.
Together, these two processes are known as _______________________________ reactions since
they usually occur simultaneously.
Light- Dependent Reactions
There are two stages to these reactions:
1. _________________________________
 In this stage, the energy in ________________ is captured and transferred into chemical
energy
2. _________________________________
 Through a series of electron transfers, ________________ and _________ are produced
All of these processes occur in the ________________________ membrane of the chloroplast.
In the space below, draw an image that depicts the Light-Dependent Reactions:
Step #1: Light Harvesting in PSII and Photolysis
Light Harvesting in PSII
 Light energy is absorbed by a cluster of ________________________ molecules
(____________________) in the _____________________ membrane
 Light energy is transferred to the
__________________ center of the photosystem
 An ____________________ in the reaction center
becomes _________________ to a
________________ energy level
 The ____________________ is then transferred to an
_______________________
Photolysis
 A ________________ molecule is split using the
absorbed ________________ energy. Write the
equation for this below:



The freed _________________ replace the excited electron in Photosystem II
Therefore, the electrons for photosynthesis come from ________________
The ___________ is released to the _____________________
Step #2: Electron Transport System #1

The excited electron is passed down an
________________________________, which is a
series of __________________ carrying molecules and
commonly described as a ______________________.
Below, describe why the metaphor of the staircase is
used:

With each step down the staircase, the electron
______________ energy that is used to pump
________________ in to the
__________________________. This generates a
________________________________ which is used
to make ___________.
Ultimately, the _________________ is passed to
photosystem ___

Step 3: Light Harvesting in PSI





Meanwhile, _____________ energy is being
absorbed by _______________________ molecules
in _______________________
The light energy is passed to the
____________________ center of the
________________________
The ____________________ in the reaction center
becomes ___________________ to a
______________________ energy level
The ______________ energy electron is passed to
an ___________________ acceptor
This ______________ electron is replaced by the
low-energy electron from _________
Step #4: Electron Transport System #2


The ______________ electron is then transferred down another
___________________________________
This electron is used to _______________ NADP+ into NADPH. Write the equation for this
reaction below:
Step 5: Chemiosmosis
In the space below, draw an image of chemiosmosis:




Chemiosmosis is the movement of ______ across a
___________________ to generate _________
The build-up of _______________ in the
___________________________ from
________________ is used to create ATP
The protons pass down their
_______________________ gradient (HL) into the
stroma through __________________________
As a result, _________________________ uses this
flow to _________________________ ADP into ATP.
Write this equation below:
Briefly summarize the Light-Dependent Reactions below:
INPUT
OUTPUT
ATP is produced by _________________________
NADPH is produced by ______________________
Light-Independent Reactions
This is the ___________________ phase and is not
dependent on _______________. It uses the _________
and ______________ formed during the Light-Dependent
Reactions. Below, describe what is reduced in these
reactions and what is ultimately produced:
These reactions take place in the _____________ of the
chloroplast and relies on the
___________________________ cycle.
Use the space below to draw an image of the Calvin-Benson Cycle:
Step #1: Carbon Dioxide Fixation
 _____ combines with a _______________ molecule in the
_____________ known as ______________. Below, describe fixation:

The _________________ product that forms is very unstable and
breaks down into two ________________ molecules known as
______________.
Below, write the equation at the bottom of the slide:
Step #2: Reduction
 The ___________________ molecules known as ___________
are in a _______ energy state
o They are energized by ________ and ______________
by _____________
 This results in ___________ energy _____________________
compounds known as ____________.
 Some _____________ may exit here and go towards making
__________________.
Below, write down the equation at the bottom of the slide:
Step #3: Regenerating RuBP
 The remaining ______________ combines with ___________ to
regenerate ______________
 This step ensures that the Calvin-Benson cycle
___________________.
Below, write down the equation at the bottom of the slide:
Briefly summarize the Light-Independent Reactions below:
INPUT
OUTPUT
Utilizes the ________________________ cycle
Show how the following are related:
Identify where each substance in the following equation is
used during photosynthesis:
6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + Energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (g)
Unit C: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Student Notes
Cellular Respiration
This is the process by which plants and animals generate
______ from stored forms of ____________________. Plants
store glucose as _________________ and _______________.
Animals store glucose as _______________.
Cellular Respiration =
Write the equation below:
Electron Carrying Molecules in Cellular Respiration
When NADH and FADH2 form NAD+ and FAD+, _______________ is released towards attaching a
__________________ to ADP – forming _________.
Functions of ATP
1. Motion
___________ within a cell contract – causing movement
_______________ fibers contracting
Write some examples below:
2. Transport of Ions and Molecules
__________________________ of molecules a
____________________ gradient.
Write some examples below:
3. Building Molecules
Provides energy to build many ______________ molecules
in the cell.
Write some examples below:
4. Switching Reactions On and Off
Alters the _____________ of the molecule.
Write some examples below:
5. Bioluminescence
ATP reacts with ________________ and
________________
Write some examples below:
Cellular Respiration – Efficiency
_________________ energy is defined as the energy
required to break apart _________________________ in
an energy-rich molecule. _____% of the energy in glucose
is converted to ______. Below, describe what happens to the remaining energy, especially in
warm-blooded animals:
Cellular Respiration
There are 2 main types of cellular respiration:
1. _________________________________
This is cellular respiration in the ___________________ of oxygen. Glucose is
____________________ oxidized into CO2. It involves 4 stages:
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________
Write the chemical equation below:
2. _________________________________
This is cellular respiration is the ___________________ of oxygen. Glucose is not
completely ___________________ into CO2. We will focus on 2 types of cellular
respiration:
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
Each of these involve the same two stages:
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
Below, state the process that aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration share:
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis
 This is a step in both _________________ and _____________________ cellular
respiration and does not require ____________________.
 It takes place in the ______________________ of a cell
 Literally translated it means “__________________________”
Use the space below to draw an image of glycolysis:
Glycolysis involves two processes:
1. _______________________
 ____________ are added to glucose to split it into
_____________
2. _______________________
 Each _______________ undergoes a series of reactions that
ultimately produces ______________, ___________, and
___________________
Gross Input
Gross Output
Net Output
Write the overall equation for glycolysis below:
________________ alone is not an ________________ use of glucose. _________ of the energy in
glucose is transferred into __________. The remaining energy is found in ___________ and
___________________. Below, identify the types of organisms that can and cannot survive off of
glycolysis alone:
Mitochondrion
The remaining stages of aerobic cellular respiration take place in the ___________________. A
_________________ layered organelle that produces large amounts of _______.
Use the space below to draw a labeled image of a mitochondrion:
A protein rich liquid that fills the innermost space of the
mitochondrion
The fluid-filled space between the inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes
Internal compartments formed by the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
Use the space below to draw an image of pyruvate oxidation:
Pyruvate move into the mitochondrial _________________ and undergo 3 processes:
3. __________ is removed from each pyruvate
 2 CO2 are removed due to 2 Pyruvate
3. ___________ becomes reduced to form _____________ - forming ______________________
 2 NADH are produced due to 2 Pyruvate
3. _________________ (CoA) attaches to acetic acid – forming Acetyl CoA
3. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Use the space below to draw an image of the Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle:
The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) involves two major steps:
4. ______________________ (C2) enters the cycle and
combines with ___________________ (C4) to form
___________________________ (C6)
4. A series of reactions occur, releasing _________ and
producing ____________, ____________, and _______
per _______________________
 Since we have _______________________ from pyruvate
oxidation – this cycle happens _____________. Ultimately,
it produces:
Cellular Respiration so far…
4. Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
Use the space below to draw an image of electron transport and chemiosmosis:
This stage involves four general processes:
1. __________ and ____________ produced so far enters and
_________________________________ (ETS) within the ________________________.
2. The electrons transferred through the ______ pump _____ from the _______________ into
the _________________________________
3. The electrons are transferred to _________________ - the
_____________________________________. Below, write the equation for the formation of
water:
NADH will cause more H+ to cross the membrane than FADH2
4. The _____ in the _______________________________ travel through
____________________________ - into the matrix
 This is __________________________________ - Chemiosmosis
o The production of ATP from a series of __________________ reactions
o In general:
 1 NADH =
 1 FADH2 =
Cellular Respiration – the end result
The actual yield of ATP from Aerobic Cellular Respiration varies from ____________ depending on
the cell/organism
Use the following chart to keep track of the Net energy outputs from the various processes of aerobic
cellular respiration:
Process
ATP
NADH
FADH2
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Kreb’s Cycle
Total
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic cellular respiration involves 2 major steps:
1. __________________
2. __________________
It does not involve the use of _______________________
Step 1: _____________________
This is the same process as in _________________ cellular
respiration. In anaerobic cellular respiration, there is no
____________________________________. Organisms must be able
to regenerate the ___________ to ensure that ___________________
continues. Below, explain how organisms regenerate NAD+:
Step 2: _____________________
Organisms have evolved ________________ types of
_____________________. We will focus on:
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
Below, draw an image of Alcoholic Fermentation:
1. Pyruvate from glycolysis combines with __________ to produce
_____________________(C2) and _______.
2. NADH donates its ____ and _________________ to acetaldehyde
forming ___________________ (C2) and _________.
This regenerates the ___________ needed for __________________ to
continue.
Write the equation for Alcoholic Fermentation below:
Applications of Alcoholic Fermentation
______________ is an organism that performs both _______________ and ________________
cellular respiration - ____________________________
Below, describe how yeast is used in brewing:
Below, describe how yeast is used in wine making:
Below, describe how yeast is used in baking:
Further Applications
There are multiple other items that are dependent on microbial fermentation:
________________ - fermentation of soy bean
__________ - fermentation of rice
______________ - fermentation of alcohol
________________ - fermentation of the cocoa bean
Below, describe how fermentation is involved in biofuel operations:
Below, draw an image of Lactic Acid Fermentation:
1. NADH transfers its ____ and
________________ to pyruvate, turning it
into __________________________ and
regenerating ___________
This occurs in animals under
___________________ conditions and provides
additional ______ when oxygen is not present.
Below, write the equation for Lactic Acid
Fermentation:
Application of Lactic Acid Fermentation
Below, describe what happens when lactic acid
accumulates in the muscles:
Below, describe rigor mortis and how it occurs:
Below, describe how Lactic Acid Fermentation is involved in yogurt production:
Below, describe how Lactic Acid Fermentation is involved in sauerkraut production:
Both Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation occur in the _________________.
Supplements
_________________________ is naturally found in the body, but __________________
forms can be taken. It is essentially a source of ________________. There is much conflicting
research regarding this supplement. Below, describe how this supplement is thought to increase ATP:
Poisons
_________________________ binds to red blood cells and prevents ________________ transport.
Below, describe how this can be deadly:
___________________ and ________________________ (sour gas) bind to electron transport
proteins and prevents the transfer of ________________ in the ETS of aerobic cellular respiration.
Below, describe how this can be deadly: