Animal Rights & Welfare
Chapter 4
Terms
• Animal Rights
▫ The position that animals
should not be exploited
• Animal Welfare
▫ The position that animals
should be treated humanely
• Confinement Systems
▫ Animals are confined to
cages or pens in partially
enclosed or totally enclosed
buildings so that production
improves through closer
control of the environment
Terms
• Ecoterrorism
▫ Terrorism or crimes
committed under the
disguise of saving nature
• Factory Farming
▫ Practice of keeping
chickens in cages and veal
calves in small crates
• Humanize
▫ To believe that animals
have the same rights as
humans and to treat them
as humans
Terms
• Intensive Operations
▫ Farming operations in which the
farmer or manager tries to
increase output through better
breeding, feeding and
management
• Specieism
▫ Belief that any use of animals by
humans reflects a bias or that
humans are superior to animals
• Unethical
▫ A belief that something is going
against one’s moral principles and
values
Terms
• Vivisection
▫ Research consisting of surgical operations and
experiments to study the structure and function of
organs.
Current Topics In Animal Rights &
Welfare
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Animals as Property
Scientific testing
Animal Agriculture
Caged Animals
Entertainment Animals
Veganism
Factory Farming
Fish & Fishing
Vivisection
Hunting
Use of furs
Check It Out!
• Animal rights vs Animal welfare has a long
history
• Pgs 32-34
1641
• First laws to protect farm animals
• “The Body of Liberties”
• Massachusetts bay colony
1828
• First anticruelty lab passed by New York
• “Each person who shall maliciously kill, main, or
wound any horse, ox, or other cattle, or sheep,
belonging to another, or shall maliciously and
cruelly beat or torture such animal whether
belonging to himself or another, shall upon
conviction, be adjudged guilty of a
misdemeanor.”
1866
• American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Animals (ASPCA)
• Formed for welfare of disabled horses
• America’s first humane society
• Founded by Henry Bergh
1867
• “An Act for the more effectual prevention of
cruelty to animals.”
• Ten sections
• 41 states and DC have laws based on it
1906
• Animal Transportation Act
▫ Protect animals traveling long distances by rail
• 95% of animals today are transported by truck
▫ Law was never amended to include them
1958
• Humane Slaughter Act
• Amended in 1970s to include handling prior to
slaughter
1964
• Ruth Harrison
▫ Animal Machines: The New Factory Farming Industry
• Focused on the use of antibiotics & hormones
• Investigation led to laws concerning treatment:
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Chickens
Turkeys
Pigs
Cattle
Sheep
Rabbits
1966
• Public Law 89-544 (AWA)
• Laboratory Animal Welfare Act
• Regulated dealers who handled research:
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Dogs
Cats
Hamsters
Guinea Pigs
Rabbits
Primates
• First amendment authorized regulation of other
warm bloods
1970
• Horse Protection Act
• Regulates show business
• Specific to gait alteration
1970s
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It all began…
Modern Animal Rights Movement
Urban vegetarians
Draws activists from philosophy, theology, and
human rights
1970s
• Peter Singer
▫ Animal Liberation
• Founder of modern animal rights movement
• Book condemned use of animals in food and
research
1976
• Amendment to AWA prohibited animal fighting
• Regulated commercial transport
1985
• Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act
▫ Issued additional standards for research animals
▫ Standards for dog exercise
▫ Physical environment standards
• Institutional Animal Care & Use Committees
▫ Minimal pain and distress
▫ Anesthetics, analgesics & tranquilizer use
▫ Consider alternative to painful procedures
1986
• Animal Liberation Front
• $$$$$ of damage at Oregon
State
• Set fires at University of
California-Davis
• Independence day attack at
Texas Tech
1989
• Farm Animal and Research Facilities Protection
Act
• Applied to premise where animals are kept for:
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Food
Ag Research
Testing
Education
• Federal crime to disrupt activities
• $10,000 fine
• Passed in August 1992
1990
• “March for the Animals”
• 15-24,000 people
1990
• Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act
▫ Pet protection provisions
• Covers 4 institution categories
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Dogs & Cat breeders
Zoos
Circuses
Research Facilities
1992
• Animal Enterprise Protection Act
• Protects:
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Zoos
Aquariums
Circuses
Rodeos
Fairs
Auctions
Packing Plants
Commercial & Academic Enterprises
1997
• Ecoterrorism
• 10,000 mink released from a
fur ranch
• ½ the animals died in fighting
each other
• 1,300 of the animals
recaptured would die later
Do Animals Have Rights?
• Animal Rights
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Same as humans
Specieism
Feel pain
Humans are
animals
• Animal Welfare
• Humanely
without cruelty
• Should receive
proper care
• Can be used in
research when
alternatives are
unavailable
Should animals be used for food?
• Animal Rights
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Inhumane
Meat is unhealthy
Constant housing
Physiological and
behavioral problem
▫ Large corporations
who care about
profits
• Animal Welfare
• Best interest of
farmers to care for
animals
• Intensive
operations
• Confinement
systems
• Protection from
the elements
• 97% of farms are
family owned
Should animals be used in experiments?
• Animal Rights
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Unethical
Unnecessary
Exaggerated value
Misleading tests could
danger human health
▫ Pound seizures, Draize
Testing, * Classical
LD50
▫ 6 million animals used
in experimentation
• Animal Welfare
• Biomedical
research limited or
stopped
• Organ transplants
• # of animals used
is declining
• 90% are rats/mice
• Bovine Corneal
Opacity Test
• Plastic models
• Tissue Culture
Does the type of animal used matter?
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Monkeys vs Mice?
Dogs vs Rats?
Why?
Does it matter what test
is being conducted?
Should hunting and trapping be allowed?
• Animal Rights
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Inhumane
Unnatural
“Joy of killing”
Stop use of dogs
“Regulations =
providing animals to
hunt”
▫ Hunting food is not
necessary
• Animal Welfare
• Prime source of $$
for preserving
wildlife
• Tradition
• Population control
• Focus public attn on
wildlife
• Initiates of wildlife
laws
• Harvest only surplus
animals
Some Odds and Ends
• USDA implements regulation of most animal
welfare laws
• Charles Stenholm & Senator Howell Heflin
cosponsored the Animal Enterprise Protection
Act of 1992
• Rabbits are used in the Draize Eye Test because
they don’t have tear ducts
• Approximately 1 million animals are used in ed
facilities for dissection annually
Odds and Ends
• The LD50 test determines the dose required to
kill 50% of a test population
• Primates make up about ½ of 1% of experiment
animals
• Crushed monkey spinal cords were necessary to
make the polio vaccine