Supplementary material
Table S1 Latitude, longitude, and nearest town of each of the eight sampling sites from which V.
rossicum roots were sampled.
Site code
BOTAO
BRANY
GARNY
HAMIY
KIRKY
OMEMY
ROUGO
SAURO
Latitude
N 43°16'56.6"
N 43°10'6.8"
N 43°48'00.2"
N 43°15'57.3"
N 44°35'46.5"
N 44°17'33.6"
N 43°48'11.5"
N 43°44'00.0"
Longitude
W 079°54'05.0"
W 080°17'19.8"
W 079°23'33.1"
W 079°56'38.6"
W 078°59'55.1"
W 078°35'26.3"
W 079°8'3.6"
W 079°19'49.0"
Nearest town
Hamilton
Brantford
Toronto
Hamilton
Kirkfield
Omemee
Toronto
Toronto
Table S2 Sequenced fungal isolates from V. rossicum roots and their closest related Genbank sequences. Isolate code is the unique
identifier used in this study, to which the accession number is related. Isolates that were sequenced have the length (in number of base
pairs) next to their isolate code. The “identified as” column is the taxonomic identification assigned based on both sequence and
morphological identification. Blasting was performed in April 2015. * indicates where current nomenclature differs from the name in
the closest related Genbank record.
Isolate code (length)
Identified as
MA SAURO4 (525)
GR HAMIY2 (594)
MU OMEMY1 (593)
GR HAMIY3 (591)
GR BOTAO1 (610)
MU KIRKO3 (604)
Alternaria sp.
Cadophora sp.
Cadophora sp.
Cadophora sp.
Cadophora sp.
Cadophora orchidicola*
Accession
number
KR269880
KR230073
KR230071
KR230078
KR230080
KR230081
GC SAURO1 (547)
GC HAMIY1
GC HAMIY2
Colletotrichum sp.
KR230069
Closest relative in Genbank
(accession number)
Alternaria sp. (DQ779787)
Cadophora sp. (JN859258)
Cadophora sp. (JN859254)
Cadophora sp. (JN859252)
Cadophora sp. (JN859252)
Leptodontidium orchidicola
(AF486133)
Colletotrichum cf.
gloeosporioides
(AY539806)
Colletotrichum trifolii
(AJ301942)
Similarity
(Max identity)
99%
100%
99%
99%
99%
99%
99%
99%
Isolate code (length)
Identified as
M2 ROUGO3 (539)
Colletotrichum sp.
Accession
number
KR269879
PU BRANY3 (547)
Colletotrichum sp.
KR230074
PI BOTAO1 (545)
Colletotrichum destructivum
KR230077
WH BRANY3 (559)
Eupenicillium euglaucum*
KR269883
M1 GARNY1 (563)
M1 GARNY4
CO BOTAO2 (557)
CO BOTAO4
YE BOTAO4 (525)
Geniculosporium sp.*
KR230082
Harpophora graminicola*
KR230068
Ilyonectria sp.
KR230084
Closest relative in Genbank
(accession number)
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
(HM241948)
Colletotrichum sp.
(DQ286215)
Colletotrichum destructivum
(EU070911)
Penicillium euglaucum
(JN617699)
Nemania sp. (FJ210522)
Phialophora graminicola
(U17218)
Ilyonectria alcacerensis
(NR121498)
Ilyonectria macrodidyma
(JN859422)
Neonectria sp. (JF429683)
Similarity
(Max identity)
99%
99%
99%
99%
99%
99%
99%
99%
99%
Isolate code (length)
Identified as
Accession
number
KR230076
RE OMEMY1 (506)
RE BOTAO4
RE KIRKO1
RE OMEMY2
RE SAURO1
BL HAMIY4 (561)
Ilyonectria radicicola*
Macrophomina phaseolina
KR230079
SU HAMIY1 (523)
SU GARNY1
SU ROUGO1
SU ROUGO4
SU SAURO1
SU SAURO2
MP HAMIY4 (509)
Monographella cucumerina*
KR230072
Paraphoma sp.
KR230083
GR ROUGO4 (514)
Paraphoma chrysanthemicola KR269881
Closest relative in Genbank
(accession number)
Ilyonectria radicicola
(JN129416)
Neonectria radicicola
(GQ131875)
Macrophomina phaseolina
(EF570500)
Plectosphaerella cucumerina
(KC427067)
Paraphoma sp.
(FJ903342)
Paraphoma chrysanthemicola
(KF251166)
Similarity
(Max identity)
99%
99%
98%
100%
100%
99%
Isolate code (length)
Identified as
M3 HAMIY2 (554)
Penicillium camemberti
Accession
number
KR230085
MN ROUGO3 (556)
Phaeocytostroma sp.
KR230075
MR ROUGO3 (534)
M3 HAMIY4 (503)
Phomopsis sp.
Rhizopycnis vagum
KR269882
KR230070
Closest relative in Genbank
(accession number)
Penicillium camemberti
(KF285997)
Phaeocytostroma plurivorum
(FR748046)
Phomopsis sp. (HE774491)
Rhizopycnis vagum
(JN859316)
Similarity
(Max identity)
99%
99%
100%
99%
6
Table S3 Trial 1 number of V. rossicum plants showing recovery of inoculated and noninoculated fungi from surface-disinfected roots on APDA. n = total number of plants that were
assessed for recovery of inoculated fungi. Note: recovery was not assessed from the Mix.
Fungal treatment
M. phaseolina
Cadophora sp.
Ilyonectria radicicola
Ilyonectria sp.
Phaeocytostroma sp.
Phomopsis sp.
Colletotrichum sp.
n
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
Number of plants inoculated fungi recovered
6
6
4
4
5
5
1
7
Table S4 Trial 2 number of plants showing recovery of inoculated and non-inoculated fungi from
surface disinfected roots of V. rossicum, A. syriaca, and S. canadensis on APDA. n = total
number of plants that were assessed for recovery of inoculated fungi.
Plant species
V. rossicum
A. syriaca
S. canadensis
Fungal treatment
Sterile control
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
Sterile control
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
Sterile control
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
n
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
Number of plants inoculated fungi recovered
NA
2
2
3
NA
3
2
3
NA
3
4
3
8
Table S5 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear
model of square-root transformed aboveground biomass of V. rossicum in Trial 1. Coefficient
estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment
mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were
adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data.
Treatment
Coefficient (standard error)
t
P
Uninoculated control
0.17 (0.02)
8.36
<0.001
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
-0.03 (0.03)
-1.05
0.574
M. phaseolina
0.08 (0.03)
2.77
0.035
Ilyonectria sp.
-0.03 (0.03)
-0.91
0.646
Phaeocytostroma sp.
0.05 (0.03)
1.81
0.173
Phomopsis sp.
0.00 (0.03)
-0.02
0.987
Colletotrichum sp.
0.00 (0.03)
-0.30
0.893
I. radicicola
-0.01 (0.03)
-0.29
0.893
Mix
-0.01 (0.03)
-0.44
0.845
9
Table S6 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear
model of log-transformed total biomass of V. rossicum in Trial 1. Coefficient estimates represent
pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean
of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for
multiple tests on the same data.
Treatment
Uninoculated control
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
M. phaseolina
Phomopsis sp.
Phaeocytostroma sp.
Ilyonectria sp.
Mix
Coefficient (standard error)
-2.51 (0.18)
t
-14.25
P
<0.001
0.18 (0.27)
0.93 (0.23)
-0.03 (0.27)
0.66 (0.22)
-0.11 (0.24)
0.04 (0.23)
0.66
4.08
-0.11
2.97
-0.47
0.17
0.787
0.003
0.959
0.003
0.845
0.959
10
Table S7 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear
model of root-shoot ratio of V. rossicum in Trial 1. Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned
comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean of the
uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for
multiple tests on the same data.
Treatment
Uninoculated control
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
M. phaseolina
Ilyonectria sp.
Phaeocytostroma sp.
Phomopsis sp.
Mix
Coefficient (standard error)
0.16 (0.20)
t
0.81
P
0.694
0.65 (0.31)
0.36 (0.26)
0.54 (0.27)
0.51 (0.25)
0.16 (0.31)
0.73 (0.26)
2.11
1.38
2.00
2.01
0.54
2.81
0.142
0.377
0.142
0.142
0.845
0.035
11
Table S8 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear
models for aboveground biomass of V. rossicum, A. syriaca, and S. canadensis in Trial 2.
Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each
treatment mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. Pvalues were adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data. Data for V. rossicum were
square-root transformed.
Plant species
V. rossicum
A. syriaca
S. canadensis
Fungal treatment
Coefficient (standard error)
Uninoculated control
0.18 (0.03)
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
-0.03 (0.04)
I. radicicola
0.02 (0.04)
M. phaseolina
0.06 (0.04)
Mix
0.01 (0.04)
Uninoculated control
-1.08 (0.22)
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
-0.12 (0.29)
I. radicicola
0.00 (0.29)
M. phaseolina
-0.16 (0.29)
Mix
-0.07 (0.31)
Uninoculated control
1.34 (0.13)
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
0.02 (0.18)
I. radicicola
0.05 (0.18)
M. phaseolina
0.22 (0.18)
Mix
-0.33 (0.18)
t
5.78
P
<0.001
-0.67
0.422
1.453
0.16
-5.00
0.639
0.725
0.218
0.874
<0.001
-0.40
-0.01
-0.56
-0.22
10.75
0.933
0.994
0.923
0.960
<0.001
0.12
0.30
1.22
-1.85
0.914
0.881
0.500
0.228
Table S9 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear
models for total biomass for V. rossicum, A. syriaca, and S. canadensis in Trial 2. Coefficient
estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences between the mean of each treatment
mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard errors are in brackets. P-values were
adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data. Data for V. rossicum were square-root
transformed.
Plant species
V. rossicum
Fungal treatment
Uninoculated control
(intercept)
Coefficient (standard error)
0.24 (0.05)
t
5.33
P
<0.001
12
A. syriaca
S. canadensis
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
Mix
Uninoculated control
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
Mix
Uninoculated control
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
Mix
0.11 (0.06)
0.18 (0.06)
0.26 (0.06)
0.15 (0.06)
1.41 (0.26)
1.81
2.93
4.27
2.38
5.44
0.124
0.026
0.001
0.049
<0.001
-0.31 (0.35)
0.11 (0.35)
0.22 (0.35)
0.01 (0.37)
2.86 (0.23)
-0.88
0.33
0.63
0.03
12.70
0.923
0.933
0.923
0.994
<0.001
-0.12 (0.32)
0.12 (0.32)
0.24 (0.32)
-0.90 (0.32)
-0.37
0.38
0.74
-2.83
0.881
0.881
0.698
0.034
Table S10 Coefficient estimates, t-statistics, and P values for each fungal treatment from linear
models for root-shoot ratio of V. rossicum, A. syriaca, and S. canadensis in Trial 2. Standard
errors are in brackets. Coefficient estimates represent pre-planned comparisons of differences
between the mean of each treatment mean and the mean of the uninoculated control. Standard
errors are in brackets. P-values were adjusted to account for multiple tests on the same data. Data
for V. rossicum were log transformed.
Plant species
V. rossicum
A. syriaca
Fungal treatment
Uninoculated control
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
Mix
Uninoculated control
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
Mix
Coefficient (standard error)
-0.20 (0.40)
t
-0.51
P
0.712
1.56 (0.54)
1.48 (0.54)
1.43 (0.54)
1.30 (0.57)
2.98 (0.45)
2.87
2.72
2.64
2.30
6.58
0.026
0.031
0.032
0.051
<0.001
-0.44 (0.61)
0.51 (0.61)
0.86 (0.61)
0.33 (0.64)
-0.72
0.84
1.40
0.51
0.923
0.923
0.653
0.923
13
S. canadensis
Uninoculated control
(intercept)
Cadophora sp.
I. radicicola
M. phaseolina
Mix
1.14 (0.08)
13.56
<0.001
-0.11 (0.12)
0.01 (0.12)
-0.13 (0.12)
-0.20 (0.12)
-0.93
0.11
-1.09
1.72
0.606
0.914
0.535
0.247