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Human Development and Pregnancy > Third Week of Development
Third Week of Development
• Gastrulation
• Neurulation
• Somite Development
• Development of the Cardiovascular System
• Chorionic Villi and Placental Development
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Appendix
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Key terms
• alar plate The alar plate (or alar lamina) is a neural structure in the embryonic nervous system, part of the dorsal side of neural
tube, that involves the communication of general somatic and general visceral sensory impulses. The caudal part later
becomes sensory axon part of the spinal cord.
• aortic arches Also known as pharyngeal arch arteries, this is a series of six paired, embryological vascular structures which
give rise to several major arteries. They are ventral to the dorsal aorta.
• basal plate In the developing nervous system, the basal plate is the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. It
extends from the rostral mesencephalon to the end of the spinal cord and contains primarily motor neurons.
• cardinal vein The precardinal veins or anterior cardinal veins contribute to the formation of the internal jugular veins and,
together with the common cardinal vein, form the superior vena cava. In an anastomosis by anterior cardinal veins, the left
brachiocephalic vein is produced.
• chorion The protective and nutritive membrane that attaches higher vertebrate fetuses to the uterus.
• chorionic villi Villi that sprout from the chorion in order to give a maximum area of contact with the maternal blood.
• conceptus The fetus or embryo, including all the surrounding tissues protecting and nourishing it during pregnancy.
• gastrulation The stage of embryonic development at which a gastrula is formed from the blastula by the inward migration of
cells.
• neural crest cells Neural crest cells are a transient, multipotent, migratory cell population that gives rise to a diverse cell lineage
including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons, and glia.
• neurulation The process by which the beginnings of the vertebrate nervous system is formed in embryos.
• notochord A structure found in the embryos of vertebrates from which the spine develops.
• placenta A vascular organ present only in the female during gestation. It supplies food and oxygen from the mother to the fetus,
and passes back waste. It is implanted in the wall of the uterus and links to the fetus through the umbilical cord. It is expelled
after birth.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
• sinus venosus A large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it
exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae.
• somite One of the paired masses of mesoderm, distributed along the sides of the neural tube, that will eventually become
dermis, skeletal muscle, or vertebrae.
• somite One of the paired masses of mesoderm, distributed along the sides of the neural tube, that will eventually become
dermis, skeletal muscle, or vertebrae.
• uterine decidua The term for the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the
placenta. It is formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly-characteristic cells.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Neurulation
Cross section of a vertebrate embryo in the neurula stage.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Somites
Dorsal view of a human embryo. The repetitive somites are marked with the older term, "primitive segments. "
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Placenta
The placenta is a fetally-derived hormone that attaches the fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing exchange of nutrients and gases between mother
and fetus.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Chorionic Villi
Secondary chorionic villi.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Gastrulation
This occurs when a blastula, made up of one layer, folds inward and enlarges to create a gastrula.
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Wikipedia. "Blastula." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blastula.png View on Boundless.com
Human Development and Pregnancy
Embryonic Cardiovascular System
Profile view of a human embryo estimated at twenty or twenty-one days old.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Aortic Arches
Schematic of the aortic arches and their destination.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of gastrulation
or germ layer formation?
A) gastrulation changes a monolaminar blastula into a trilaminar gastrula
B) the trilaminar gastrula is composed of endoderm, ectoderm, and
mesoderm
C) the mesoderm gives rise to somites while the ectoderm becomes the
connective tissue
D) endoderm gives rise to the digestive and respiratory systems
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of gastrulation
or germ layer formation?
A) gastrulation changes a monolaminar blastula into a trilaminar gastrula
B) the trilaminar gastrula is composed of endoderm, ectoderm, and
mesoderm
C) the mesoderm gives rise to somites while the ectoderm becomes the
connective tissue
D) endoderm gives rise to the digestive and respiratory systems
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following best outlines the process of neurulation?
A) basal plate to alar plate to neural canal to neural groove to notochord
B) ectoderm to endoderm to mesoderm to neuroderm to neural tube
C) neural plate to neural groove to notochord to neuroectoderm
D) notochord-ectoderm to neuroectoderm-neuronal stem cells to neural
plate to groove to neural tube
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following best outlines the process of neurulation?
A) basal plate to alar plate to neural canal to neural groove to notochord
B) ectoderm to endoderm to mesoderm to neuroderm to neural tube
C) neural plate to neural groove to notochord to neuroectoderm
D) notochord-ectoderm to neuroectoderm-neuronal stem cells to neural
plate to groove to neural tube
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a function of somites?
A) somites specify the migration path of neural crest cells and spinal
nerve axons
B) somites are blocks of paraxial mesoderm found lateral to the neural
tube that divide into 4 parts
C) sclerotome somites form vertebrae and rib cartilage; myotome somites
form ribs and limbs
D) dermatome somites form back musculature; syndetome somites form
ligaments and blood vessels
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a function of somites?
A) somites specify the migration path of neural crest cells and spinal
nerve axons
B) somites are blocks of paraxial mesoderm found lateral to the neural
tube that divide into 4 parts
C) sclerotome somites form vertebrae and rib cartilage; myotome somites
form ribs and limbs
D) dermatome somites form back musculature; syndetome somites form
ligaments and blood vessels
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following best outlines the development of the
cardiovascular system?
A) angioblasts migrate-aortic arches to major arteries-vitelline to
mesenteric arteries-venous system
B) ductus arteriosis to ligamentum arteriosum-stapedial artery to
maxillary artery-vasculogenesis
C) angioblasts migrate-ductus arteriosis to ligamentum arteriosum-aortic
arches to aortic veins
D) aortic arches-internal carotid artery-vasculogenesis-aortic sac-cardinal
veins
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following best outlines the development of the
cardiovascular system?
A) angioblasts migrate-aortic arches to major arteries-vitelline to
mesenteric arteries-venous system
B) ductus arteriosis to ligamentum arteriosum-stapedial artery to
maxillary artery-vasculogenesis
C) angioblasts migrate-ductus arteriosis to ligamentum arteriosum-aortic
arches to aortic veins
D) aortic arches-internal carotid artery-vasculogenesis-aortic sac-cardinal
veins
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the
development of chorionic villi and the placenta?
A) during the fourth week, the chorionic villi enlarge and become
vascularized
B) the presence of chorionic villi is a defining feature of pregnancy
C) chorionic villi provide maximal area of contact to maternal blood
D) the placenta allows gas exchange, nutrient uptake, and waste removal
from maternal blood
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the
development of chorionic villi and the placenta?
A) during the fourth week, the chorionic villi enlarge and become
vascularized
B) the presence of chorionic villi is a defining feature of pregnancy
C) chorionic villi provide maximal area of contact to maternal blood
D) the placenta allows gas exchange, nutrient uptake, and waste removal
from maternal blood
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Neural development in humans." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_development_in_humans#Neurulation
• Wiktionary. "neurulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neurulation
• Wikipedia. "alar plate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alar%20plate
• Wikipedia. "basal plate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/basal%20plate
• Wikipedia. "Somite." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somite#In_vertebrates
• Wikipedia. "Somite." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somite#In_vertebrates
• Wikipedia. "neural crest cells." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neural%20crest%20cells
• Wiktionary. "conceptus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conceptus
• Wiktionary. "somite." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/somite
• Wikipedia. "Placenta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta
• Wikipedia. "Hydatidiform mole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydatidiform_mole
• Wikipedia. "Placenta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta#Development
• Wikipedia. "Chorionic villi." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villi
• Wikipedia. "Chorionic villi." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorionic_villi#Development
• Wikipedia. "uterine decidua." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/uterine%20decidua
• Wikipedia. "chorionic villi." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chorionic%20villi
• Wiktionary. "placenta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/placenta
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Human Development and Pregnancy
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/chorion
• Wikipedia. "Gastrulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrulation
• Wiktionary. "notochord." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/notochord
• Wiktionary. "somite." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/somite
• Wiktionary. "gastrulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gastrulation
• Wikipedia. "Circulatory system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system#Development
• Wikipedia. "Aortic arches." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_arches
• Wikipedia. "Vasculogenesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculogenesis
• Wikipedia. "sinus venosus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sinus%20venosus
• Wikipedia. "cardinal vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardinal%20vein
• Wikipedia. "aortic arches." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aortic%20arches
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