The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
206 Bones and Their Features
Axial Skeleton (80)
Axial: Skull (22)
Know the terms cranium, calvaria, cranial floor and orbit; know which bones are facial
and which are cranial. Know what a sutural (= wormian) bone is. Be able to locate the
anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae as well as the paranasal sinuses (frontal,
ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary) and the squamous, lambdoid, coronal, and sagittal sutures.
Cranial bones (8)
Frontal (1)
Glabella
Frontal sinus
Supraorbital foramen/notch
Supraorbital margin
Parietal (2)
Occipital (1)
Foramen magnum (spinal cord)
Occipital condyles (articulate with atlas)
External occipital protuberance
Temporal (2)
Squamous portion
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
Tympanic portion
External auditory (= acoustic) meatus (external ear canal)
Styloid process
Mastoid portion
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Petrous portion
Internal auditory meatus (vestibulocochlear nerve)
Carotid canal (internal carotid artery)
Jugular foramen (internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal, vagus and
accessory nerves)
Sphenoid (1)
Body
Lesser wing
Optic canal/foramen (for optic nerve)
Superior orbital fissure (oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves)
Greater wing
Foramina: ovale, rotundum, spinosum, lacerum
1
Sphenoid, continued
Sphenoid sinus
Sella turcica and hypophyseal fossa (protects hypophysis = pituitary gland)
Ethmoid (1)
Perpendicular plate
Superior (you will not be asked to identify this) and middle nasal concha
Crista galli
Cribriform plate (passage of olfactory nerves)
Ethmoid sinus
Facial bones (14)
Maxilla (2)
Palatine processes
Maxillary sinuses
Alveoli and alveolar processes/margins
Infraorbital foramen
Palatine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Temporal process
Lacrimal (2)
Lacrimal fossa (tear duct leading to nasal cavity)
Nasal (2)
Vomer (1)
Inferior nasal concha (2) (A separate bone, not part of ethmoid)
Mandible (1)
Body
Mandibular/mental symphysis
Mental protuberance (not shown in book)
Alveolar processes/margins
Angle
Ramus
Mandibular condyle
Coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Axial: Auditory ossicles (6)
Know the names only – you will see the bones when you study the sensory systems.
Malleus (2) (hammer)
Incus (2) (anvil)
Stapes (2) (stirrup)
Axial: Hyoid bone (1)
2
Axial: Vertebral Column (26)
Cervical (7)
Atlas with superior articular facet and atlanto-occipital joint
(joint between atlas and cranium; know articular surfaces)
Axis with dens or odontoid process and atlanto-axial joint
(joint between atlas and axis; know articular surfaces)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)
Know the following features of a vertebra:
Body or centrum
Spinous process
Lamina
Pedicle
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
Intervertebral foramen
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Superior and inferior articular facets
Know the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc.
Axial: Thoracic Cage (25)
Sternum (1)
Manubrium
Body or gladiolus
Xiphoid process
Ribs (24)
True ribs (1-7)
False ribs (8-12)
Floating ribs (11-12)
3
Appendicular Skeleton (126)
Appendicular: Pectoral Girdle (4) and Upper Limb (60)
Clavicle (2)
Sternal and acromial ends
Scapula (2)
Suprascapular notch
Spine
Fossae: subscapular, infraspinous, supraspinous
Acromion
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Humerus (2)
Head
Anatomical and surgical neck
Greater and lesser tubercle
Intertubercular sulcus
Deltoid tuberosity
Trochlea
Capitulum
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa
Radius (2)
Head
Tuberosity
Styloid process
Ulna (2)
Trochlear notch
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Styloid process
Interosseous membrane
Carpal bones (16)
Proximal group
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal group
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Bones of the hand (38)
Metacarpal bones I – V
Phalanges I – V
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanx
4
Appendicular: Pelvic Girdle (2) and Lower Limb (60)
Os Coxae (2)
Pubic symphysis
Greater (false) pelvis
Lesser (true) pelvis
Pelvic brim, inlet, outlet
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Ileum
Iliac crest
Anterior superior spine
Ischium
Body
Ramus
Pubis
Body
Superior ramus
Femur (2)
Head
Fovea capitis
Neck
Greater and lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest
Linea aspera
Medial and lateral condyles
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Intercondylar fossa
Patellar surface
Patella (2)
Tibia (2)
Medial and lateral condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Fibula (2)
Head
Lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones (14)
Proximal group: calcaneus, talus, navicular
Distal group: Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform, cuboid
Bones of the foot (38)
Metatarsal bones I – V (10)
Phalanges I- V (28)
Proximal, middle, distal
5