A “Radiologic Technologist”
(or Radiographer)
•
Medical Professional
– In a challenging field
•
Safely uses x-rays to image anatomy
– Positions
– Using sophisticated technology
– Practices radiation protection
• Provides quality-diagnostic images
– Assists DR
– Communicates with patient
– Practices patient privacy
1
Registered Technologist
R.T.
• Dawn Charman, M.Ed., RT (R)(M), CRT(R)(F)
• Kelly Clark, M.S.R.T. RT (R)(CT), CRT(R)(F)
• Mina Colunga, B.S.R.T. RT (R), CRT(R)(F)
ARRT – R.T.
State of California– C.R.T.
2
Radiologic Technologist
• ECC program is for an entry level into the profession
• Radiation Therapy and Nuclear Medicine would
require additional education
Certification/licenses
• ARRT- American Registry of Radiologic
Technologies
– Provides national certification
• CRT-- California Registered Technologist
– After completing ARRT exam you pay a fee and get your
California license to practice
– A separate test is taken for fluoroscopy
3
Certification vs. License
• ARRT
– National certification
• R.T.
– Must take an exam
• Pass with 75%
– Can take this after
completing program
• CRT
– State Licensing
– Must pass ARRT
exam to get this
– Pay fee to get
radiography license
(R)
– Take fluoroscopy
exam and pay a fee
for (F) license
4
EXAMS
•
•
•
•
•
•
All types of
&
PEOPLE
Head to toes
Trauma
Special procedures
Critical patients
Walk ins
Surgery
•
•
•
•
•
Infants
Elderly
All classes
All ethnicity
All backgrounds
5
Radiologic Technologist
•Must be able to
communicate effectively with:
•Patients, staff, & peers
•Must use:
•good judgment
•Critical thinking skills
FIG. 4–2 Radiologic science professionals must use advanced critical thinking skills when handling all patient care situations. 6
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Critical Thinking
• Involves sound, professional
judgment
• Applied with high ethical
standard
• And integrity
7
Critical Thinking
•
•
•
•
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
Critique
• Achieved through
– Role Playing
– Lab experiments
– Case Studies
8
Patient Communication
• Interacting with the patient
• Interacting with family and friends
• Methods of Effective Communication
• Age as a factor in Patient Interactions
9
Communication & Adapting
to Special Condition Patients
•
•
•
•
•
•
Traumatized Patients
Visually Impaired Patients
Speech and Hearing Impaired Patients
Non-English Speaking Patients
Mentally Impaired Patients
Substance Abusers
10
Education in the Radiologic
Sciences at ECC
• Didactic Curriculum (lecture)
– Specifically describes the objectives
– What the students will learn
– How they will learn (instructional activities)
• Clinical
– Hospital training
– Apply didactic principals to clinical setting
11
RT Programs
Didactic and Clinical Education
FIG. 5–1 The articulation of didactic, laboratory, and clinical instruction.
(From Ford C, ed: Clinical education for the allied health professions, St Louis, 1978, Mosby.)
12
Types of
Diagnostic Exams
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chest
Extremities
Skull/ Facial
Spine
Gastrointestinal
Interventional
13
Some studies
of spinal
trauma have
recorded a
missed injury
rate as high
as 33%.
14
Comminuted
Open
15
ELDERLY
16
INFANTS &
CHILDREN
17
SURGERY
18
Fluoroscopy
19
TECHNOLOGIST
• FLUOROSCOPY
• Dawn Charman RT
(R), (F)
• CONTRAST
MEDIA (X-RAY
DYE)
20
21
22
ARRT Standards
Accrediting Agencies
• JRCNMT
• Committee on Accreditation of Allied Health
Education Programs (CAAHEP)
– in collaboration with the Joint Review Committee on
Education in Diagnostic Medical Sonography (JRCDMS)
• Regional Institutional Accrediting Agencies
(degree-granting divisions) WSAC
23
Accrediting Agencies
• SCHOOLS/PROGRAMS
• JRCERT: Joint Review Committee on
Education in Radiologic Technology
• HOSPITAL ACCREDITATION
• JCAHO :Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare (Hospital)
Organizations
24
5 Primary Exams
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
25
Post Primary
• CardiovascularInterventional Radiography
(CVIT)
– Note: No longer available for
new candidates
• Mammography (M)
• Computed Tomography(CT)
• Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MR) or (MRI)
– Note: Both a primary and postprimary track
• Quality Management (QM)
• Sonography (US) or (RDMS)
– Note: Both a primary and postprimary track
• Bone Densitometry (BD)
•
• Vascular Sonography
• Cardiac-Interventional
Radiography (CI)
• Vascular-Interventional
Radiography (VI)
• Breast Sonography
• Registered Radiologist
Assistant (RA)
26
Beyond Diagnostic
Radiography
Advanced Modalities
MAMMOGRAPHY
Dawn Charman, RT (M)
RADIOGRAPHIC
IMAGING OF THE
BREAST
Diagnostic for breast cancer
29
Bone Densitometry
“low dose
Radiation”
30
BONE DENSITOMETRY
• JOE RUIZ, RT (R) (BD)
• POST PRIMARY EXAM BEGAN IN JANUARY
2001
• ??? May also have certification w/o RT ????
• MEASURING MINERAL CONTENT AND
DENSITY OF BONES
31
32
CT SCAN & MRI
33
Computed Tomography
• Jennifer Smith,
RT (R) (CT)
• 1995 began
post primary
exam
34
CT SCANNER
• Uses
– Radiation
– Computer
• Rescontructs images
– Some in 3-D
FIG. 1–9 A computed tomographic technologist uses a computerized x-ray system to produce sectional anatomic images of 35
the body.
(Courtesy of Philips Medical Systems.)
C T SCANNER
36
37
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• RT (R) (MRI)
• RT (T) (MRI)
• (MRI)
• 1995 ARRT began
post primary
exams
38
MRI SIGNAL PRODUCTION
• Uses
– Magnet field
– radio waves
39
40
MRI SAFETY
1. Use non
magnetic
materials
2. Can cause harm
to patient or
employees
3. 1 reported death
from oxygen
tank
1. 6 years old
41
42
43
RADIOGRAPHY VS MRI
44
Which one is MRI? CT?
45
Look for the signs….
46
What are the differences
between MRI and CT?
CT
• Uses ionizing radiation
• Can be used on any
patient
• Fast
MRI
• Uses magnets and
radiowaves
• Cannot be used on
patients who have metal
in their body
• Slow
47
Which is better?
48
What are the similarities
between CT and MRI?
49
Angiography
50
ANGIOGRAPHY is a specialized radiographic
examination where the images of the blood
vessels of the body are demonstrated by injection
of contrast media
51
52
INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOGRAPHY
1) CI:________________________
2) CVI:_______________________
3) VI:________________________
53
CARDIAC-INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOGRAPHY
• Mike Smith, RT
(R) (CI)
• POST PRIMARY
EXAM BEGAN IN
JANUARY 2003
54
Cardiovascular Interventional
Radiography
• Jane Smith, RT (R)
(CVI)
• Angiography
• 1991 began post
primary exam for
CVIT Radiographers
55
Angiography of Heart vessels
• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://w
ww.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/images/stent_resten
osis.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/healt
h/dci/Diseases/stents/stents_all.html&usg=__xDl
bsaX9JhuYbpVojLcz19aprI=&h=513&w=450&sz=59&hl=en&start=20&tbnid
=vWwqaG-RNW7MM:&tbnh=131&tbnw=115&prev=/images%3Fq%
3Dabdominal%2Bstents%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3
Den
56
VASCULAR-INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOGRAPHY
• JOE CAR, RT (R) (VI)
• POST PRIMARY
EXAM BEGAN IN
JANUARY 2003
57
58
59
59
NUCLEAR
MEDICINE
use radioactive
isotopes to make
images
60
Nuclear Medicine
• RT (NM)
• ARRT or NMTCB
61
NM – Images collected after
injections of a RADIOISOTOPE
62
The tracer travels into the blood
vessels until it arrives to the
bone
63
PET Scan & SPECT Scan
• PET = Positron Emission
Tomography
• SPECT= Single Photon Emission
Computed Tomography
• X-rays/MRI with Radioisotopes
64
65
66
• PET Scan showing diffuse spread of prostate
cancer to bone. PET has the advantage over
traditional bone scanning in its ability to
differentiate active from dormant disease.
67
68
69
Prostate cancer metastasized
in bones
70
Co-registration:
PET + CT or MRI
71
72
73
74
RADIATION
THERAPY
R.T.(T)
•
•
•
•
2 YRS ADDITIONAL EDUCATION
CITY OF HOPE
LLU
CAL STATE LONG BEACH
• The branch of Radiology that involves the
treatment of disease by means of high energy
x-rays or radioactive substances
75
76
77
RADIATION THERAPY
• branch of Radiology
that involves the
treatment of disease
by means of high
energy x-rays
(GAMMA) or
radioactive
substances
78
Radiation Therapy
• RT (T) = Registered technologist
in radiation therapy technology
• Medical dosimetrists are involved
in treatment planning and dose
calculations
• 1-4 year program
79
80
ULTRASOUND
uses a technique similar to Navy SONAR to produce diagnostic images.
81
ULTRASOUND
Cypress College
Orange Coast
LLU
1 – 2 years
82
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
• RT (R) (S) or RT (S)
or (RDMS)
• American Registry of
Diagnostic Medical
Sonographers
• ARRT in 1999 began
post primary exam
• ARRT in 2005 began
primary exam
83
Ultrasound beam is transmitted
and reflected –
as special crystal at the end of
the transducer can
determine the type of tissue
Determines depth
84
Uses SOUND WAVES (NOT X-RAYS)
“real time” images
85
ULTRASOUND
uses a technique similar to
Navy SONAR to produce
diagnostic images.
86
19 Week fetus
• http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://e
mbryology.med.unsw.edu.au/movies/usound/19
weeklabel2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://embryology.me
d.unsw.edu.au/movies/usound/Hum19w4D.htm&
usg=__EfDiZ2qdLFEQ_ZGPy9YS628QyPI=&h=
379&w=358&sz=11&hl=en&start=71&tbnid=QqS
TbyckVIjYM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq
%3Dfetal%2Bultrasound%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp
%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D
60
87
88
89
90
2D vs. 3D/4D
91
U/S & the “real thing”
92
Breast Sonography
• Post Primary Exam
• Valuable for
Technologists that
specialize in
Mammography
93
VASCULAR ULTRASOUND
94
New - RA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radiology Assistant (Like PA)
Weber State (On line – Utah)
LLU
3 others in US (2007 – more)
$$$$ NEW GRADS = 100 K/YEAR (?)
PART OF RADIOLOGIST GROUP
As of 2007 – NOT APPROVED BY STATE
to Work as RA in California
95
Additional Opportunities
•
•
•
•
•
Education
Administration
Management (QM)
Commercial
Radiologist
Assistant = RA
96
RADIOLOGY ASSISTANT RA
• LLU
• 2 YRS RT
• BA DEGREE
• WEBER STATE
• 6YR RT
97
OTHER PATHWAYS
• SALES
• APPLICATIONS SPECIALIST
• INDUSTRIAL X-RAY
• MANAGEMENT (DEGREE)
• EDUCATON
98
TRAVELING TECHNOLOGIST =
SEE THE WORLD AND GET $$$
99
Other working opportunities…
• Registry (local)
• Registry (out of
state)
• X rays taken
around the world !!
100
Variety of Work Settings
• physicians offices,
•
• clinical outpatient facilities,
• free standing imaging centers,
• mobile imaging centers
• portable services to rehabs
• Mammo’s to under privileged
areas
• Urgent care
101
SALARY RANGES RT’s
• NEW R.T. = $ 25 -$38 PER HOUR
• ON-CALL + O.T. $45,000 – $60,000 YR
• ADVANCE SPECIALTIES
• $ 30 - $50 PER HOUR
• A GREAT SHORTAGE IN ALL HEALTH CARE
– A GREAT NEED TO AQUIRE NEW
TECHNOLOGIST TO THIS AREA
102
Professional Organizations
• ASRT – American Society of Radiologic
Technologist
• CSRT – California Society
Society of Radiologic Technologists
• RTEC – Radiologic Technology Educators of
California
• International Societies, other state societies,
other modalities
103