Human Anatomy,
First Edition
McKinley & O'Loughlin
Chapter 1 Lecture Outline: A First
Look at Anatomy
1-1
A First Look at Anatomy


Anatomy is the study of structure.
The word anatomy is derived from
Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut
open.”

Anatomists examine the relationships
among parts of the body along with the
structure of individual organs.
1-2
Introduction to Anatomy

Physiology



The scientific discipline that studies the
function of body structures.
Structure and function cannot be
completely separated.
Form is related to function.
1-3
4
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body

The simplest level of organization within
the body is the chemical level, which is
composed of atoms and molecules.

Atoms are the smallest units of matter.
1-5
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body

Molecules


Two or more atoms combine to form a
molecule, such as a protein, a water
molecule, or a vitamin.
Macromolecules

Larger and more complex molecules such
as DNA and proteins.
1-6
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body

At the cellular level, specialized
structural and functional units called
organelles permit all living cells to share
some common functions.
1-7
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body

Large molecules join in specific ways to
form cells, the basic units of structure
and function in organisms.

The cell is the smallest structural unit that
exhibits the characteristics of living things
(organisms), and it is the smallest living
portion of the human body.
1-8
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body

Tissues


Groups of similar cells with a common
function form tissue.
Tissues are precise organizations of similar
cells that perform specialized functions.
1-9
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body

Organs


Different tissue types that work together to
perform specific, complex functions form
an organ.
Organ Systems


The organ system level consists of related
organs that work together to coordinate
activities and achieve a common function.
There are 11 organ systems in the human
body.
1-10
Levels of Organization in the
Human Body

Organism

All body systems function interdependently
in a single living human being, the
organism.
1-11
The Four Types of Tissues in the
Human Body Are:

Epithelial tissue covers exposed
surfaces and lines body cavities.

Example: The inner lining of the digestive
system
1-12
The Four Types of Tissues

Connective tissue protects,
supports, and interconnects body
parts and organs.

Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such
as blood), or intermediate (such as
cartilage).
1-13
The Four Types of Tissues

Muscle tissue produces movement.



Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
1-14
The Four Types of Tissues

Nervous tissue conducts impulses
for internal communication.

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
1-15
Integumentary

Provides protection




Regulates body
temperature
Site of cutaneous
receptors
Synthesizes vitamin D
Prevents water loss
1-16
Skeletal

Provides support
and protection



Site of hematopoeisis
(blood cell
production)
Stores calcium and
phosphorus
Allows for body
movement
1-17
Muscular

Produces body
movement

Generates heat when
muscles contract
1-18
Nervous

A regulatory system
that controls body
movement



Responds to sensory
stimuli
Helps control all
other systems of the
body
Also responsible for
consciousness,
intelligence, memory
1-19
Endocrine

Consists of glands
and cell clusters that
secrete hormones,
some of which
regulate



body and cellular
growth
chemical levels in the
body
reproductive
functions
1-20
Cardiovascular

Consists of a pump
(the heart) that
moves blood through
blood vessels in
order to distribute
hormones, nutrients,
gases, and pick up
waste products
1-21
Lymphatic

Transports and
filters lymph
(interstitial fluid)

Initiates an immune
response when
necessary
1-22
Respiratory

Responsible for
exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between
blood and the air in
the lungs
1-23
Digestive

Mechanically and
chemically digests
food materials


Absorbs nutrients
Expels waste
products
1-24
Urinary

Filters the blood and
removes waste
products from the
blood

Concentrates waste
products in the form
of urine, and expels
urine from the body
1-25
Male Reproductive
System

Produces male
sex cells
(sperm) and
male hormones
(e.g.,
testosterone)

Transfers sperm
to the female
1-26
Female Reproductive
System




Produces female sex cells
(oocytes) and female
hormones (e.g., estrogen
and progesterone)
Receives sperm from male
Site of fertilization of oocyte
Site of growth and
development of embryo and
fetus
1-27
Anatomical
Terminology



Anatomic position is a
specific body position in
which an individual stands
upright with the feet
parallel and flat on the
floor.
The head is level, and the
eyes look forward toward
the observer.
The arms are at either side
of the body with the palms
facing forward and the
thumbs pointing away from
the body.
1-28
Anatomical Terminology


A plane is an imaginary surface that
slices the body into specific sections.
The three major anatomic planes of
reference are the coronal, transverse,
and sagittal planes.
1-29
Sections
and Planes
A coronal plane, also
called a frontal plane,
is a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.
1-30
Sections
and Planes

A transverse plane, also
called a cross-sectional
plane or horizontal
plane, cuts
perpendicularly along
the long axis of the body
or organ separating it
into both superior
(upper) and inferior
(lower) parts.
1-31
Sections
and Planes

A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through
the body or organ
vertically and
divides the
structure into right
and left halves.
1-32
Sections and Planes



A sagittal plane in the body midline is a
midsagittal plane.
A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal
plane, but either to the left or the right of it,
is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
A minor plane, called the oblique plane,
passes through the specimen at an angle.
1-33
Directional Terms of the Body

Directional terms are precise and brief,
and for most of them there is a
correlative term that means just the
opposite.
1-34
Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body

Relative to front (belly
side) or back (back
side) of the body :




Anterior = In front of;
toward the front surface
Posterior = In back of;
toward the back surface
Dorsal =At the back
side of the human body
Ventral = At the belly
side of the human body
1-35
Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body

Relative to the head
or tail of the body:




Superior = Toward the
head or above
Inferior = Toward feet
not head
Caudal = At the rear or
tail end
Cranial = At the head
end
1-36
Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body

Relative to the midline
or center of the body:




Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
Superficial = On the
outside
1-37
Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body

Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:


Proximal = Closest
to point of
attachment to trunk
Distal = Furthest
from point of
attachment to trunk
1-38
Body Regions

The human body is partitioned into two
main regions, called the axial and
appendicular regions.


the axial region includes the head, neck,
and trunk which comprise the main vertical
axis of our body
our limbs, or appendages, attach to the
body’s axis and make up the
appendicular region
1-39
40
41
42
Body Cavities
and Membranes

The posterior aspect
of the body has two
enclosed cavities


A cranial cavity is
formed by the
cranium and houses
the brain.
A vertebral canal is
formed by the
individual bones of
the vertebral column
and contains the
spinal cord.
1-43
Body Cavities

Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
are lined with thin serous membranes, which
are composed of two layers:



A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the
body wall.
A visceral layer covers the external surface of
organs (viscera) within the cavity.
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the
serous membrane is a thin serous cavity,
containing a lubricating film of serous fluid.
1-44
Body Cavities and Membranes


Constant movement of the organs
causes friction.
The serous fluid reduces friction and
helps the organs move smoothly
against both one another and the body
wall.
1-45
46
Body Cavities and Membranes


The median
space in the
thoracic cavity is
called the
mediastinum.
It contains the
heart, thymus,
esophagus,
trachea, and major
blood vessels that
connect to the
heart.
1-47
Body Cavities and Membranes

Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed
by a two-layered serous membrane called the
pericardium.
1-48
Insert Fig 1.9d
49
The Thoracic Cavity

The right and left sides of the thoracic
cavity contain the lungs; they are lined
by a two-layered serous membrane
called the pleura.



The outer layer is the parietal pleura; it lines the
internal surface of the thoracic wall
The inner layer is the visceral pleura; it covers
the external surface of the lung
The narrow, moist, potential space between
them is called the pleural cavity
1-50
51
Abdominopelvic Cavity

The abdominopelvic cavity consists
of an abdominal cavity and a pelvic
cavity.
1-52
The Abdominopelvic Cavity

The peritoneum
is a moist, twolayered serous
membrane. that lines
the abdominopelvic
cavity.
Insert figure
1.9d
1-53
54
Abdominopelvic Regions

The abdominopelvic
cavity is partitioned
into 9 smaller,
imaginary
compartments.
1-55