Chapters
2 and 3
Slide Show
Sir Francis Drake was
A. an English slave trader and pirate who raided
Spanish possessions in South America.
B. an English explorer who led an expedition to locate
the "Northwest Passage.“
C. the Italian mapmaker for whom the continents of the
western hemisphere were named.
D. the founder of the colony of Jamestown.
The Beginnings of Colonial America (chap. 2)
• Purpose: To gain an understanding of
– the background of English colonization in continental North
America
– the earliest successful English colony in continental North
America, the “Southern” aka Chesapeake region (Virginia
and Maryland)
– the founding and early development of the Carolinas and
Georgia
– Major problems faced in the Chesapeake, and the other
Southern colonies
• Timeframe: the 17th century (mostly)
Europeans colonize
North America
• In the 16th and 17th
centuries, the main
focus of European
colonization was the
Caribbean, South, and
Central America.
• Spain conquered the
largest American
empire.
• North America was colonized
by less powerful European
nations, like France, Holland,
Sweden, and England.
• Chapter 2 & 3 focus on the two
earliest regions of English
colonization in North America:
the Chesapeake and New
England.
The Spanish Armada was
A. destroyed by a combination of "nimble" English
ships and severe weather off the coast of Ireland.
B. aided in its attack on England by storms known as
"the Protestant wind."
C. the most successful Spanish military expedition of
the seventeenth century.
D. the beginning of the decline of England's naval
power.
English Migration to North America
• In the long run, the
English colonies
proved more successful
than others.
• The main reason for
this was the great
number of migrants
that left England in the
17th and 18th
centuries.
The English monarch most responsible
for defining the Protestant reformation
in England was
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mary of Scotland.
James II.
Charles I.
Elizabeth I.
Edward V, and Richard III
1483-1485 (War of Roses).
1
2
3
Which of the following tenants was
rejected by the Calvinists
A.
B.
C.
D.
papal supremacy
veneration of saints
clerical celibacy
all of the above
Jamestown was established and settled by
A.
B.
C.
D.
a joint-stock company.
Puritans.
coastal fishermen from New England.
Elizabeth I.
• Demographic reasons:
– Population growth
– Internal migration to cities
• Economic reasons:
–
–
–
–
Decline in real wages
Farm enclosures
Mercantilism
Joint stock companies
• English power increase:
– Victory over the Spanish
Armada, 1588
• Religious unrest (HenryVIII,
Bloody Mary, Eliz.I, Mary of
Scotland)
Reasons for
English
Migration
The Founding of Jamestown,
• In 1606, King James I
granted overlapping land
grants in Virginia to two
joint-stock companies,
the Virginia company of
London and the Virginia
company of Plymouth.
Chesapeake Bay
• The Plymouth company‘s attempt in
modern-day Maine was a failure.
• In 1607, the Virginia company of
London sent 144 colonists to Virginia.
Only 104 even survived the journey.
• In an area the local Native Americans
called Tsenacomoco, these survivors
founded Jamestown, in modern-day
Virginia.
Jamestown: “Starving Times”
• The Jamestown colony had big trouble
surviving.
• Many colonists did not want to work in
agriculture, hoping to find precious metals
instead.
• Many expected the local Indians to feed and
serve them.
• Bad hygenic conditions, (swampy land) led to
various illnesses.
The primary export of the Virginia
Colony was .
A.
B.
C.
D.
cotton.
tobacco
flax.
wheat.
Captain John
Smith
John
Rolfe
The Pocahontas Myth
• Pocahontas was the daughter of
Powhatan.
• She “saved“ John Smith in a mock
execution ritual.
• During the first Anglo-Powhatan
war (1610-12), the settlers
kidnapped her and held her captive
for several years.
• During this time she agreed to
marry John Rolfe, one of the
leading settlers.
• So why is this important?
• Of the original 104 settlers, only 38 survived
the first winter.
John Smith, a soldier of fortune, took over the
colony‘s leadership in 1608, imposing
military discipline and improving conditions.
After he left the colony in 1609, discipline
collapsed again.
• In the second “starving time”, of 1609 400 of
500 died.
Virginia: Native
American
Relations
• The Jamestown colonists had
landed in a Native American
power struggle.
• Powhatan, the leader of a
powerful confederacy, hoped
to get the English on his side.
• The English could provide
various militarily and
economically useful goods.
a drawing of a 17th century
Virginia Native American
Powhatan Confederacy
•Initially, relatively good cooperation
between the English and the Native
Americans.
•Until the English no longer needed
the Amerinds.
•Three Anglo-Powhatan Wars: 161014, 1622-32, 1644-46. Powhatan
confederacy crumbled afterwards.
Virginia: Economic
Development
• Since Virginia
was conceived as
a mercantilist
venture, it
needed to make a
profit.
All of the following were problems
faced by the early settlers of Jamestown
EXCEPT
A. The colonists often faced starvation due to lack of
supplies and lack of farming skills.
B. There were not enough gentlemen and specialized
craftsmen to provide leadership for the colony.
C. The colony was located in a malaria and typhoid
infested area.
D. Local Indians were unpredictable and often hostile
toward the colonists.
• John Rolfe found a profitable
staple crop: tobacco.
• Initially, tobacco was hugely
successful. The crop shaped
Virginia‘s way of life.
• Tobacco was Land and Labor
intensive. Dispersed plantations,
not compact villages, and slavery
were the result.
Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of
its colonists in an Indian attack,
Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
Virginia: Labor
• Tobacco cultivation was very labor intensive, but
labor was in short supply. Planters therefore turned
to indentured servants as a solution.
• Indentured servants were single young men and
women who came to America, especially Virginia,
mainly in the 17th century.
• Instead of paying their passage, they agreed to
work for a fixed term, usually seven years. Their
contracts could be bought and sold.
The colony that was established as a
Catholic refuge was
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Maryland.
Delaware.
Massachusetts.
New Jersey.
Vatican City
Population
of
Chesapeake
Colonies:
1610-1750
• For every servant a planter brought to
Virginia, he received extra land. This
was called the “headright” system.
• However, hard work, harsh treatment,
and disease resulted in a devastating
mortality rate of more than 40% in the
first year.
• So why after 1660, were indentured
servants increasingly replaced by
African slaves?
• The tobacco
boom did not
last.
• After 1660, only
the so-called
“First Families“
(FFV) did well.
Maryland
• In 1632, Charles I
gave Cecilius
Calvert (Lord
Baltimore) a
colonial charter.
• In 1634, Maryland
was founded, the
first colony without
a starving time.
Colonization
of
Maryland
• Originally intended as a haven for
Catholics, Protestants dominated
Maryland.
• The 1649 Religious Toleration Act
passed to protect CATHOLICS
from growing Protestant groups.
• Maryland soon became a tobaccogrowing colony much like Virginia.
Under the headright system,
A. a colonist received 50 acres of free land for
every person for whom he paid passage to
Virginia.
B. serious crimes were punished by
decapitation.
C. a head tax was levied on every adult man and
woman in the colonies.
D. the wealthiest males in the colony were
allowed to go first (at the head) of
community processions.
Other “southern colonies”
• S. Carolina 1670
– Most slave intensive colony (rice, indigo, tobacco)
– Tied to the West Indies (Barbados)
– STRICT aristocracy
• N. Carolina 1653:
– Rebels, Squatters, Malcontents (Scots-Irish)
• Georgia 1733:
– Buffer colony with Spanish Fla.
– Paternalistic philanthropic experiment
– Failed due to over control and lack of incentives
Carolina
• Carolina was granted to a
group of proprietors in 1663.
• North Carolina was settled
starting in 1665 by
Virginians, and became much
like Virginia.
• South Carolina was settled by
colonists from Barbados. Its
staple was rice and it was
similar to the West Indies
colonies.
• The split into North and South
was formalized in 1729.
Which of the following is true of
slavery in the English colonies?
A. The Dutch first introduced slavery to the
Virginia colony in 1618.
B. By the time of the American Revolution,
most colonies had outlawed slavery.
C. Most of the slaves in North America lived in
the new England colonies.
D. Since slavery was common in England, it also
was a basic feature of all the colonies.
Georgia
• Founded in 1732, Georgia
was not a Restoration colony.
• Proprietor James Oglethorpe
intended a debtor colony, a
military outpost against
Spanish Florida.
• Savannah was designed with
its military purpose in mind.
• Originally, alcohol and
slavery were forbidden.
• In 1752, Georgia became a
royal colony, growing rice
and allowing slavery like S.
Carolina.
a sketch of Savannah
Start of Chapter 3
Was religious persecution a
major “Push Factor” in the
colonization of English
America?
Early New England society would best
be described as
A. a society with no interest in liberties or
rights.
B. competitive in nature.
C. communitarian in nature.
D. open and liberal.
Puritans believed that a person's
salvation depended on
A.
B.
C.
D.
good works.
following the teachings of the church.
God's covenant of grace.
chance.
All of the following religious groups
followed Calvinist principles except
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lutherans.
Presbyterians.
Puritans.
Huguenots.
Martin Luther asks a question
• How to make the Gospels and the Old Testament reconcile????
• He became convinced that the church had lost sight of what he
saw as several of the central truths of Christianity — the most
important being the doctrine of justification by faith alone.
• Luther's study of theology was based on the via moderna, or
"modern way," it emphasized on the one hand the all-powerful
will of God and, on the other hand, human being's ability to
contribute toward their salvation through Faith.
• Lutherans did not accept this. They were accused of
Antinomianism: the charge of religious lawlessness, for how could
God’s will be fulfilled if everyone had “Grace”, and could do
whatever they want. influenced Grace is the the idea of the elect,
people saved regardless of what they did.
• Relics are objects considered to be holy and the viewing of which
considered meritorious, allowing the viewer to receive relief
from temporal punishment for sins in purgatory. By 1509 the
Elector "already owned 5,005 of them, including several vials of
the milk of the Virgin Mary, straw from the manger [of Jesus],
and the entire corpse of one of the innocents massacred by King
Herod
• Luther said of his excommunication by the Pope: "As for me, …
I do not wish to be reconciled with her; or even to hold any
communication with her. Let her condemn and burn my books; I,
in turn …will condemn and publicly burn the whole pontifical
law, that swamp of heresies.“ In 1545, Luther wrote a pamphlet
entitled, Against the Papacy Established by the Devil, and during
his life became known for diatribes against the papacy.
1560 Geneva
Bible. Inexpensive
printed bibles (In
German—not
Latin) led to
questioning the
Catholic Church
• A Jesuit
(Catholic Priest)
converted to
Protestantism
20,000 Lutherans Evicted (Ger)
Dutch Mennonites
Irish Catholics
drowned by
English
Anglicans
Catholics
butchered by
French
Hugonots
(Protestants)
Hugonots butchered by Catholics
Puritans and the smaller Pilgrims came
over for:
• COVENANT—GOD TOLD THEM TO
BUILD A “CITY ON THE HILL—A
BEACON IN THE NIGHT”
• ECONOMIC REASONS (most were from the
Woolen Districts)
• During the Catholic reign of Mary—they came
to avoid persecution.
• To be intolerant of others.
COTTON
MATHER helps start
Salem Witch
Trials 1688
Lutheran
Church
Service
Puritan Capital
laws—based on
Bible. Mostly
Exodus &
Leviticus
More…
The New
England
(NORTHERN )
Colonies
Puritanism: The English Reformation
• In the 16th century,
Henry VIII had
separated the Church
of England from
Rome.
• Elizabeth I
consolidated the
Church of England
along moderate lines.
a portrait of Henry VIII
• Some members of the Church of
England, the Puritans, demanded
more radical Calvinist reforms.
• They opposed church government
through bishops, and came into
conflict with the absolutist
ambitions of the Stuart kings in the
17th century.
Puritanism: Central Beliefs
• Puritans were inspired by the
theology of John Calvin.
• Predestination
• Covenant of Grace v. Covenant of
Works
• They engaged in constant soulsearching and study of scripture.
• They opposed many church rituals, such as
Christmas.
• Separatist Puritans (a minority group called
Pilgrims) wanted to form a new church, NonSeparatists Puritans SAID that they wanted to
“reform the system from within”.
• Puritans were often persecuted by the English
state in the early 17th century because they
were so difficult to get along with. (Bloody
Mary had 250 burned)
Plymouth Plantation: The Pilgrims
• In 1620, a group of
separatist Puritans
(“Pilgrims”) traveled to
North America aboard the
ship Mayflower.
• The Mayflower compact
established a “civil body
politic“ for themselves
and their non-Pilgrim
companions.
• The plan was to establish a
spiritually pure colony in the new
world, away from corrupt England.
• On their second landing site, they
established a settlement they called
Plymouth after the hometown of
some of the colonists.
Plymouth: Survival Problems
The Pilgrims had arrived as family groups, ready to
farm.
Also, the Native American population had been
decimated by an epidemic introduced by European
traders, so land was available.
However, The Pilgrims arrived in December, giving
them no time to farm, just to build some shelter.
A starving time resulted.
Native’s, (decimated by disease, and internecine
warfare), helped the Pilgrims survive in order to win
over these strange “allies”.
• However, the good cooperation
between local Indians and English
settlers was very short.
• The idea of a single Thanksgiving
event is mythical.
• Absorbed by Puritans in 1690.
So why are they remembered as
so important?
Puritan Work Ethic
Massachusetts Bay
Colony
• While Plymouth (Pilgrims)
remained small, a second
colony, Massachusetts Bay,
(Puritan) prospered.
• Not QUITE a Theocracy
• In the Great English
Migration 1630-1642 over
20,000 came to New Eng.
• The colony was relatively
well-prepared and profited
from a large # of settlers.
Why the mass Puritan migration
• Charles 1st wanted to reclaim supreme power from
Parliament
• Believed that the High Anglican church had to control the
rise of Puritanism
• Many noblemen including Lord Cromwell had converted
to Puritanism
• Thus, if he crushed Puritanism he might also crush the
growing power of a growing Puritan Parliament.
• He dismissed Parliament in 1630
• By 1642 he had to recall it to fund his war with Scotland
“A City Upon A
Hill“
• Massachusetts was
founded as a Christian
utopia, outlined by
John Winthrop
in his sermon
“A Model of Christian charity.”
• The colony was to be based on strict Puritan
theology, as an example to the old world.
• It was supposed to be a model of
brotherly love and economic
cooperation.
• Emphasis on education (Harvard 1636)
• These ideals were reflected in the New
England village settlement patterns.
• The focus on subsistence agriculture
and family coherence led to a rapid
increase in population.
• The Merrymounters
showed why it was
not a place of
toleration
• Settlement spread
and the new colonies
of Connecticut,
Rhode Island, and
New Hampshire were
formed by Puritan
dissenters kicked out
of the
Commonwealth.
New England:
Native American
Relations
Puritans (NOT Pilgrims)
• Came for ECONOMIC reasons as much as religious
reasons
• “cruel and Unusual” punishment???
• John Cotton: “Toleration is liberty to tell lies in the
name of the Lord”.
• You can tell a lot about a group by the names they give
their children:
– Constance
– Joy From Above
– Kill Sin
– Increase
– Hope
– Wrestle With The Devil
What do
you
suppose
the “F” is
for?
The large-scale warfare between
European settlers and the Indians of
New England was called
A.
B.
C.
D.
King James's War.
Metacom's War.
Bacon's Rebellion.
Leisler's Rebellion.
Religious Dissent and Secularization
• Even though the Puritans had left
England to escape religious
persecution, they did not advocate
religious toleration.
• 3 famous dissenters were exiled in the
1630s: Roger Williams, Anne
Hutchinson and Thomas Hooker.
• Quakers were first exiled and then
executed on return.
Antinomianism
• Anti = against
Nomian = Law
• In other words: antinomianism is emphasizing faith
over doctrine (rules, law, Gospels).
• Puritans had been accused of this heresy by Catholics,
now the Puritans use it against anyone who preached
that piety and moral behavior did not assure electness.
• Slowly, Puritans were moving back toward the
Catholic idea of “works” as a sign of “sainthood”.
• WHY????????????
• Several major wars were fought,
such as the Pequot War (1637) and
King Philip‘s War (1675-76).
• Puritan efforts at christianizing
New England Indians (Praying
Towns) were relatively
unsuccessful and mostly
abandoned after 1676.
• Disease
• Disunity
• Disposability
Amerinds and 3-D’s
King Philip’s War
• Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s.
• Treaties with Indians not kept, no real attempt by
whites to engage with Indians, nefarious tactics to get
land.
• Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of
Wampanoags, Grandson of Massasoit (at thanksgiving
feast).
• Specific grievances over loss of tribal lands, effect of
alcohol and guns on people, also Puritan treatment of
‘praying Indians’ – confined to praying villages, taken
away from homes and families
King Phillip’s War
• Wampanoags have better of initial skirmishes –
success leads to other tribes such as Nipmuc,
Narragansett, Pocasset and Pocomtuck joining
in – general Indian war
• But as the war drags on into 1676, Indians
unable to continue a long war (lack supplies and
planning). English were able to re-group and resupply, then counter-attack – eventually capture
and kill King Phillip.
What did enemy’s of the Pequot do?
Consequences of King Phillip’s War
• 3000 Indians killed (50% of pop), loss of tribal leaders, exile of
many Indians to west, captives sold into slavery, remaining
tribes confined to praying villages. End of threat in New
England
• cost £100,000 - came close to bankrupting many colonies. 2500
white settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting age),
damaged 52 of the 90 settlements in New England, totally
destroying 12 of them.
• Psychological - KPW ‘so dreadful a judgment’ for straying from
path of righteousness; a warning from God, yet victory showed
God still on white side.
• White settlement restricted, doesn’t reach 1675 levels again
until 1710
The "half-way covenant" refers to
A. religious concessions made to those who had
not had the salvation experience.
B. the responsibilities a person had to the
community in which they lived.
C. the status of a couple between engagement
and marriage.
D. contractual landholding responsibilities.
Religious Prevalence in Colonial
America
-Most people did not consider themselves religious
during the colonial period- only about 1/5
-Most colonists arrived for nonreligious reasons
-Church membership never surpassed 20% during
the colonial period
-Approximately 80% of Americans, slaves excluded,
were WASPS (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants)
-Other forms of Christianity were opposed by the
Protestants
• The second and third generations of Puritans often did
not become full church members. The Halfway
covenant was adopted in 1662 to accommodate them.
• Church membership continued to decline and
ultimately became today’s Non-Denominational or
Congregationist churches.
• Puritans are important to us culturally and historically
because of the ideas and ideals they left behind
–
–
–
–
Puritan work ethic
Blue Laws
Importance of community
Etc.
The colony of New York
attracted thousands of English colonists
A. because of its democratic government and elected
assembly.
B. was established by a charter written by John Locke.
C. remained predominately Dutch in population and
culture throughout the seventeenth century.
D. was founded by Quakers escaping from religious
persecution in England.
The Middle Colonies. Half way between
New England and the Southern colonies;
politically, geographically, culturally
• New York: taken from the Dutch by the Duke
of York
• New Jersey
• Delaware: Taken from Swedes but really part of
Penn.
• Pennsylvania: Proprietary colony for Quakers
Settlers were attracted to Pennsylvania
in large numbers because of
A.
B.
C.
D.
liberal land grants.
religious toleration.
the democratically elected assembly.
all of the above.
The Stuart Restoration
• 1642-1660, the Stuart dynasty was
interrupted by the Civil War and the
Cromwell (Very Puritan)
Interregnum.
• In 1660, the Stuarts were reinstated:
Charles II (1660-85 Very Anglican)
and James II (1685-88 Catholic).
Both had ambitions to absolute
monarchy.
• To pay off political and financial
debts, Charles II issued colonial
patents: the Restoration Colonies.
• In the late 1680s James II tried to
unite New England and New York
into the Dominion of New England.
James II
Colonists objected to the Dominion of
New England because
A. it established an autocratic government without an
elected assembly.
B. the royal governor was not given enough authority
to enforce the navigation Acts effectively.
C. it forced both Puritans and non-Puritans to pay taxes
to support the Congregational Church.
D. all of the above.
The Glorious Revolution
• The Stuart dynasty ended
because James II tried to
reimpose Catholicism on
England.
• Leading Englishmen called on
James II daughter Mary
(Protestant) and her husband
William to replace him. The
bloodless Glorious Revolution,
1688.
• Important results:
– Dominion of New England ends.
(Pilgrims lose charter—Salem
Witch trials begin)
– End of Puritan power
– Bill of Rights
– Era of salutary neglect
William and Mary
Colonists in North America reacted to
the Glorious Revolution
A. with indifference.
B. by overthrowing the governors of the
Dominion of New England and Maryland.
C. with public protests against the new King.
D. by attacking Dutch settlements in Delaware.
New York
• New York had originally been a
Dutch fur-trading colony, New
Netherlands, since 1625.
• In 1664, Charles II granted a
charter to his brother James,
ignoring the Dutch title.
• The colony was conquered
against little resistance.
• Dutch property titles and many
laws remained. Religious
toleration was practiced.
• New York became the central
commercial harbor in the 18th
century.
New Jersey
• New Jersey was also part of the
New Netherlands conquest.
• James granted titles to his
friends Sir George Carteret and
John Lord Berkeley, splitting the
land into East and West Jersey.
• East Jersey was similar to New
York in population and
economy.
• West Jersey was dominated by
Quakers, like later Pennsylvania.
• In 1702, the Jerseys were united
as the royal colony of New
Jersey.
Pennsylvania
• In 1681, Charles II gave a grant to William
Penn, the son of a major creditor.
• Penn, a Quaker leader, envisioned his colony
as a haven for Quakers and a center of
tolerance and fair treatment for all.
• Philadelphia, the main city, was meticulously
planned.
• Pennsylvania was very successful: Many
immigrants, including Native Americans.
• Land clashes marred the egalitarian vision,
but still more tolerance than elsewhere.
• Despite the colony‘s success, Penn went
bankrupt and died in a debtor‘s prison, 1718.
Quakers were persecuted for all except
which of the following reasons?
A. They believed in the absolute authority of a
trained minister over the congregation.
B. They were pacifists.
C. They believed that God dwelt within each
individual in the form of an Inner Light.
D. They granted women almost complete social
and spiritual equality.
Delaware
• Delaware was part of New
York until 1682, when
James ceded it to
Pennsylvania as an outlet to
the sea.
• In 1703 Penn permitted a
separate colonial assembly
for Delaware.
• This made Delaware into a
de facto colony of its own.
Conclusion
• Overall process of colonial maturity. In only 100 years
from desperate settlers fighting for survival to fullblown complex societies, economically dynamic and
with a tradition of considerable self-government.
• Despite many initial problems, the English colonies in
the Chesapeake, New England, and Middle colonies
endured and sometimes prospered.
• They were greatly aided by the large numbers of
migrants from England in the early 17th century.
• At same time, a mother-child metaphor was widely
used for colonial-imperial relationship. Trouble is builtin: what happens when the child grows up?
• All regions faced similar problems and shared
some experiences, such as the decimation of the
Native Americans.
• New England and the Chesapeake also differed
significantly in many ways such as their basic
goals and outlook, family structure, settlement
patterns, economic development, labor systems
and political institutions.
• The Middle Colonies were in all aspects--”in
the middle”
• Next week: process of conflict in the colonies,
witchcraft, and slavery