Unit 14 – Presentation 1
• What are Determiners?
“a broad category of the English grammar that
contains many subcategories in it, e.g.
demonstrative & indefinite pronouns, articles,
etc”
Which are the Indefinite Pronouns?
1. some
positive
meaning
its derivatives: somebody/ someone, something,
somewhere
affirmative sentences (but also in qu’s:
a. offering sth OR b. expecting a positive
answer)
a) some + singular countable noun
b) some + cardinal number
other uses
c) some + question word/ noun  adverbs
d) cardinal number + -something
Which are the Indefinite Pronouns?
2. any
neutral
meaning
its derivatives: anybody/ anyone, anything,
anywhere
interrogative & negative sentences (but also
in aff. sent’s: a. with if or expressing doubt &
b. with a change of meaning)
a) any + question word/ noun  adverbs
other uses
b) any + comparative adj./ adv.
Which are the Indefinite Pronouns?
3. no
its derivatives: nobody/ no-one, nothing,
nowhere
strong
negative
meaning
affirmative sentences but turns them into
negative
other uses
a) no + comparative adj./ adv.
Notes on the Indefinite ‘no’
1. Don’t confuse it with the adverb no that is
used in negative answers.
e.g. ‘Are you happy at your new place?’
‘Well, no, not exactly.’
2. Following the ‘no double negative’ rule, it
can’t be used with not, hardly/ scarcely,
seldom/ rarely, without.
Which are these ‘Quantity’ Words?
Type of Noun
positive
Countable
Uncountable
lots/ a lot of
interrogative
negative
(how) many?
(not) many
(how) much?
(not) much
NOTE:
lots/ a lot (of)/ many ≠ few/ a few (few: negative meaning)
lots/ a lot (of)/ much ≠ little/ a little (little: negative meaning)
Much, many also in affirmative sentences when they are (parts of) the
subject or for brevity. A lot (of) also in negative (short) answers for
euphony/ emphasis. Near synonyms to lots/ a lot (of): plenty (of), a
good/ great deal (of), a large amount/ quantity/ number (of).
Other Uses of ‘Quantity’ Words I
a) much + comparative adj.’s/ adv.’s OR ‘too’ 
emphatic comparative/ result construction
b) much + participle  new compound adjective
c) much + as + subject + verb  special
concession (mainly with verbs of like/ dislike,
praise/ criticism
Other Uses of ‘Quantity’ Words II
d) many + a(n) + (adj.) + singular noun 
emphatic form of the commoner many +
plural countable noun
e) in phrases meaning lots/ a lot (of)  a good
many, a great many
f) a lot + comparative  emphatic comparative
No/ Neither/ None
1. no +
noun
 adj. ≠ a(n)/ some/ any
e.g. no friend of mine will testify against me.
2. nobody/
no-one
no + body/ one  pronoun ≠ a(n)/ somebody/
anybody, someone/ anyone – an answer to ‘who’
3. neither
(of the two)  adj. OR pronoun ≠ both/ either –
an answer to ‘which’ (of the two)
4. none
(of three or more)  quantitative pronoun ≠
everyone/ everybody/ everything/ all – an answer
to ‘how much/ many’
Notes on no/ neither/ none & their
opposites
All of the words in the previous slide:
a) refer to one person or thing at a time &
b) are found with a singular verb,
except for: some/ any, which could have a
plural in cases & both/ all, which are always
found in plural with this meaning.
Every/ Each/ All
1. every
singular countable noun  adjective – Exception:
in time phrases e.g. every 3 months
2. each
sing. countable noun  adj. OR + (of)  pronoun
a) sing. (un)count. noun  adj.
b) plural count. noun  adj.
3. all
c) other determiners + noun  predeterminer
d) (of) as a pronoun e.g. All was quiet and
peaceful.
e) as an adverb e.g. all alone
Other/ Others/ Else
1. other
noun  adjective
2. an +
other
another  adjective OR pronoun
3. the
other(s)
 pronouns
4. else
 pronoun OR adverb
What are the Reflexive Pronouns?
They are the –self form of the possessive adj.’s
(for the 1st & 2nd persons, singular & plural) and
of the accusative case personal pronouns (for the
3rd persons, also singular & plural).
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
How are the Reflexive Pronouns used?
In 3 different ways:
a) they form the
Middle Voice by
replacing the
object of an
active/ action
verb.
b) as emphatic
forms of the
subject or
object (without
replacing
them).
c) preceded by
the preposition
by, they mean
alone/ on my
own.
Opposites: each other/ one another.