CHEMISTRY &
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
STUDY GUIDE
Define “Chemistry” science that deals
with the composition & properties of matter
& the way that matter reacts with each other
2. Define “element” matter consisting of only
1 kind of atom
3. Define “chemical symbol” abbreviation
for the element name
Matter= mass- quantity or amount of an object
volume-space an object takes up
1.
4.
Write the chemical symbol for the following elements:
*Carbon____
*Hydrogen _____
*Oxygen_____
*Nitrogen_____
*Phosphorous_____
*Potassium_____
*Sodium_____
*Chlorine_____
*Calcium_____
*Magnesium_____
4.
Write the chemical symbol for the following elements:
*Carbon C
*Hydrogen H
*Oxygen O
*Nitrogen N
*Phosphorous P
*Potassium K
*Sodium Na
*Chlorine Cl
*Calcium Ca
*Magnesium Mg
5.
6.
Define “chemical reaction”. A combination of
atoms that occurs so greater stability occurs.
Atoms will gain/lose/or share electrons for the
purpose of achieving stability.
Explain the following chemical reactions:
H2 + O2 H2O
the reactants are ____________
the product is _______________
EXPLAIN

6CO2 + 6H20 →C6H12O6 + 6O2
light
The reactants are _______________
The products are________________
7.
8.
9.
Define “compound”. Matter composed of 2 or more types of
elements—ionic bond
Define “molecule”. Matter composed of 2 or more atoms of
elements—covalent bond. The smallest part of a compound
where atoms are bonded covalently
Salt has a chemical formula that is NaCl; is salt an
element? Explain. An element is 1 kind of atom Na & Cl are 2
different elements
10.
Write the chemical formula for the following
compounds (abbreviation for a compound):
1.
2.
3.
11.
12.
13.
Water ___________________
Glucose__________________
Carbon dioxide_____________
Chemical reactions that RELEASE energy are
called exothermic.
Chemical reactions that REQUIRE energy are
called endothermic.
The Chemistry of LIVING things is called organic
chemistry.
14.
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Types of Chemistry
Organic— compounds contain the element
Carbon except for the compound CO2.
Inorganic—compounds that DO NOT contain
the element Carbon.
15.
16.
17.
The 4 most abundant ELEMENTS in living
things are C, H, O, and N.
The most abundant ELEMENT in living
things is Carbon.
The most abundant COMPOUND in living
things is H2O.
18.
19.
Types of MIXTURES—define
a. Solution: homogeneous-best mixeduniform in color; transparent
b. Suspension: heterogeneous- most particles
settle out upon standing; not
evenly mixed
c. Colloid: homogeneous mixture-always cloudy; particles
never settle out; can’t see light
through it
Draw the particle size for:
Solution
Colloid
Suspension
Determine the type of MIXTURE for each of the
following:
20.
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Dirt in water__________
Sugar dissolved in hot tea____________
Egg white____________
Fog_______________
Salad dressing___________
Orange juice with pulp_________
Milk (homogenized)__________
Blood____________&______________ explain
Guntersville lake___________&___________explain
Determine the type of MIXTURE for each of the
following:
20.
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Dirt in water-suspension
Sugar dissolved in hot tea-solution
Egg white-colloid
Fog-colloid
Salad dressing-suspension
Orange juice with pulp-suspension
Milk (homogenized)-colloid
Blood-solution&-suspension explain:
food dissolved in blood
blood & plasma
Guntersville lake-solution & suspension explain:
oxygen dissolved
dirt suspended
21.
22.
Parts of a solution
*solute: part that is dissolved (usually a solid)
*solvent: part that does the dissolving (usually a
liquid)
A solution may become SUPERSATURATED.
Explain. Sponge- ground after heavy rain-there is
too much solute for the solvent-it is impossible for
the solution to remain homogeneous-some solute
will settle out.
For the following SOLUTIONS, indicate the part
that is the solute and the part that is the solvent:
23.
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Coffee granules in water: coffee is the solute; Water is
the solvent
Fingernail polish remover dissolves fingernail polish:
Fingernail polish remover is the solvent; fingernail polish
is the solute.
Gojo hand cleaner dissolves grease on our hands: Gojo
is the solvent; grease is the solute.
Ammonium hydroxide in water: Ammonium hydroxide is
the solute; water is the solvent
30 ml of 95% alcohol dissolves 0.3 g of methylene blue
dye: 95% alcohol is the solvent; methylene blue dye is
the solute.
Water is called the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT.
Types of SOLUTIONS:
*Acid-define: has more H+ than OH*Base-define: has more OH- than H+
*Neutral-define: has = OH- and H+
H+ is called hydrogen ion; OH- is called hydroxide ion
Determine whether the following solutions are ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL
24.
25.
26.
27.
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HCLH+ + ClNaOHNa+ + OHH2OH+ + OHKOH K+ + OHNH3 H+ + NO3
Determine whether the following solutions are ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL based on
observable characteristics: (Acids=sour; base=bitter/slick)
28.
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Aspirin acid
Soap base
Lemon juice acid
Milk neutral
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
When a strong acid and a
strong base are mixed, a
neutral material is formed in
what is called a neutralization
reaction.
The pH scale measures the
relative concentration of H+
and OH- in a material (its
strength as an
ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL
material.)
A pH value of LESS than 7
indicates the material is a/n
ACID BASE NEUTRAL
A pH value of MORE than 7
indicates the material is a/n
ACID BASE NEUTRAL
A pH value of 7 indicates the
material is a/n ACID BASE
NEUTRAL
Most CELLS have a pH range
of 6.5 to 7.5
35.
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Determine whether the following pH is a
strong Acid/ weak Acid/ strong Base/ weak
Base/ Neutral material:
pH=2.3 strong acid
pH=7 neutral
pH=13.4 strong base
pH=8.2 weak base
pH=6.1 weak acid
36.
a.
b.
c.
Determine whether the following is an
ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL material:
Blue Litmus paper and Red Litmus paper end up
RED after they are placed in a solution acid
Blue Litmus paper and Red Litmus paper end up
BLUE after they are placed in a solution base
Blue Litmus paper stays BLUE and Red Litmus
paper stays RED after they are placed in solution
neutral