DemiDec Super Quiz PowerPoint THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM: THE MAKING OF A EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDER 2011-2012: The Age of Empire I: The First Age of Imperialism The First Age of Imperialism In this section we will cover: European expansion into America and beyond Reasons for expansion Spain and Portugal start things off Britain and France follow and dominate Economic dynamism Mercantilism The end of the first age of imperialism Long-lasting effects Pre-expansionary Interactions Europeans explored prior to the Age of Imperialism The Roman Empire The Crusades Power was not concentrated in Europe The Ming Dynasty and The Ottoman Empire Admiral Cheng-Ho Portugal and Spain Take the Lead Portugal began exploring early in the 15th century Prince Henry the Navigator The Fortunate Isles Capo Blanco Spain soon followed suit Captured Portuguese possessions Continuing Expansion Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama changed the face of exploration Columbus’s “discovery” of America in 1492 Da Gama’s 1498 arrival in Asia Treaty of Tordesillas Divided the New World The Company System Reasons for existence Lack of government financing Economic opportunity Examples British companies The VOC The French Others New World Colonies Spanish exploration and colonization Herman Cortes and Mexico Francisco Pizarro and Peru France later explored North America Jacques Cartier Réné de Laudonnière and St John’s River Dutch Expansion Dutch success in Asia Dutch trading companies Indonesia The VOC The WIC Success throughout the world Africa North America British Divided Attention Uninterested in the New World Henry VII and domestic issues during Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church Establishing a domestic empire Modern English imperialism Subduing Scotland Ireland Plantation idea Acceleration of Irish colonization Thomas Smith Oliver Cromwell and William of Orange 1800 Act of Union Ireland: Precursor to America Blueprint for British colonization of America Displacement and dispossession Many of the same people were involved Migrants Individual economic self-improvement of settlers Single men Early British Expansion Exploration Expansion John Cabot Ferdinand Magellan Economic problems John Hawkins Martin Frobisher John Davis Thinking about colonies Francis Drake Attacker of Spanish ships and settlements Moved to exploration in 1577 “El Diablo” Raided Callao and Lima Returned to the New World in 1585 Lost at sea British New World Colonies Humphrey Gilbert’s plan Roanoke Newfoundland Sir Walter Raleigh Richard Grenville: 1585 John White: 1587 CROATOAN Moving on from Roanoke The end of Raleigh The Caribbean and Asia The Caribbean “(One of) the happiest most colonized places on Earth!” Triangle trade Asia Another triangle trade “Bullion for goods” A New Epoch in Imperialism 1715 marked the beginning of a new era Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands dropped out Peace of Utrecht Spain attempted to keep its empire France and Britain: Two superpowers Economic Dynamism A myriad of factors caused 18th century changes to Europe’s economy Growing population Consumer demand Innovations Mercantilism Military backbone Dutch Decline Important counterexample to the rise of empire Greatest maritime power of the 17th century Political and demographic stagnation Elimination of Dutch middlemen Evolved into Europe’s financial brokers Paper currency, stock market, and central bank Mercantilism Favorable balance of trade for the home country New inflow of gold and silver Adam Smith’s counterarguments Use by Atlantic colonial powers Exploitation of overseas colonies Dependence of trade Slavery An economic foundation Global trade’s dependence New World purchases An ordeal Mass deaths Horrendous conditions Anti-slavery efforts British and French Commercialism The rivalry evolved during the 18th century The West Indies West Africa North America India Key Differences France: Centralized colonial control structure Britain: Independent countries The Great War for Empire The last large-scale European war before the French Revolution William Pitt Known as the Seven Years’ War French and Indian War Seizing of French colonies Treaty of Paris The Conquest of India The East India Company Political power over Bengal Battle of Plassey Dual government Exploitation of rivalries Parliament seizes control India Act of 1784 Lord Cornwallis Colonial Opposition Colonial opposition began in 1808 Joseph Bonaparte Congress of Vienna The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Loss of European control The End of the First Phase 1815: The End America Foundations for new European-Asian interactions Changing political and economic factors Review Why did Britain not kick off the first age of imperialism? How did the company system affect European expansion prior to 1815? How did slavery effect the New World colonies? II: New Imperialism New Imperialism In this section we will cover: The rise of the new “empire” Europe colonizing the world India, the Ottoman Empire, and China The Pacific Rim, Southeast Asia, and Africa Jules Ferry and his address to the National Assembly Technological imperialism Development of weaponry Steamers The Suez Canal Differing Definitions of Empire Old “empire” “Empire” version 2.0 New World empires Liberal empire Asia and Africa Version 3.0: “New” and improved New imperialism Social Darwinism Challenges to the Old Empire External challenges Slave agitation Independence movements Loss of control Internal problems The antislavery movement The Enlightenment Economic Rationale Free trade Capitalism Elimination of tariffs Adam Smith and David Ricardo Inefficiency of mercantilism Economic deterioration Haiti Jamaica The End of Slavery and the Rise of the Market Economy The end of slavery Religious fervor, humanitarian sentiment, and economic support Abolition of slavery Rise of the market economy Growth of industrial capitalism Free, self-regulating market Enlightenment Universalism and Cultural Relativism Enlightenment universalism Common development path for all societies Assimilationism Cultural relativism Skeptical of supposed European cultural superiority Value in other societies James Cook and Thomas Macaulay Captain James Cook Explorer of the South Pacific Possessed morality inherent in liberal empire Thomas Macaulay Law Member of the Governor General’s Council Transformation of “backward societies” India Battle of Plassey British domination Economic disaster Alteration of India’s economy Industrialization in Britain Abandonment of subsistence farming The Ottoman Empire The Sick Man of Europe De facto British colony Tanzimat British dependence The Crimean War The Ottoman Public Debt Commission Disintegration of cultural cohesion China The Sick Man of the East The First Opium War Opium and the trade imbalance Seizing Canton Treaty of Nanjing Taiping Rebellion Economic exploitation No formal colonization The Pacific Rim and Southeast Asia The Pacific Rim Australia New Zealand Southeast Asia Expansion through India and China Influence to independent political powers Japan First occurrence of European failure Following the footsteps of the Chinese Escaped implicit and explicit European rule Matthew Perry Fortune reversal Meiji Restoration Extension of influence Early African Interactions Greatest imperial shift in the 19th century More frequent interactions Marketplace potential Potential site for civilization Obstacles Disease Physical features European Expansion in Africa Movement toward colonization Removal of obstacles to penetrating Africa Public interest Expansion into the interior British expansion Egypt Jules Ferry: An Introduction The man Head of France’s colonial expansion The speech Address before the National Assembly in July 1883 Critics’ voices in the speech Jules Ferry’s Address Economic ideas of colonial expansion “Ideas of civilization in the highest sense” France’s lack of export markets Rights of superior races over inferior races “Ideas of politics and patriotism” Increase in global competition The Colonial Exhibition The Exhibition itself Purposes for being Marshal Hubert Lyautey Focus on information The Exhibition’s results A Historical and an Economic Perspective Historical perspective No systematic expansion Internal hostility in early 1880s World War I Economic perspective Forced labor Land intrusions Colonial Opposition: North Africa History of the region Terrible year of hunger Albert Camus Open rebellion Election of the Popular Front Colonial Opposition: North Africa Algerian resistance Moroccan resistance The North African Star Moroccan Action Committee Tunisian resistance The Destour The Neo-Destour Tunis strikes Technology and the Triumph of Europe Technology as the triumph of Europe Western conquest of the world with industrial technology Began in the 19th century Social history of technology The Early Exploration of Africa The beginnings of exploration Portugal Lacking the means Disease Diogo Cäo Francisco Barreto James Tuckey Macgregor Laird Son of William Laird The Lander brothers African Inland Commercial Company Niger River expedition Successful navigation of the River Failure of cultural and commercial objectives African Disease “White Man’s Grave” The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine The Royal African Corps British soldiers in Africa Overall statistics Philip Curtin’s statistics Malaria Chief killer of Europeans in Africa “Causes of malaria” Mal’aria means bad air Discovery of Plasmodium Cinchona bark Quinine Steamers Economic rationale for Niger River expeditions Beyond the Niger River David Livingstone Commandant Marchand Importance of the steamboat The Importance of Weapons Hostile African populations faced by Europeans Imperialist history is the history of warfare Inferior weaponry of Africans in the 19th century Rapid development of the firearm Weapons and Bullets The smoothbore musket Alexander Forsyth Joshua Shaw The Brunswick rifle From firearms to bullets The cylindro-ogival bullet Early Wars The Mysore Wars The Mahratta and Sikh Wars Algeria Abd-el Kader Marshal Bugeaud On to Africa! Stacking the deck One-sided confrontations Henry Morton Stanley Crushing Africa General Kitchener and Sudan The Battle of Omdurman Exceptions to the Rule Africans occasionally held back Europeans Samori Touré Ethiopia Bezbiz Kasa Menelik The Suez Canal Ferdinand de Lesseps Logistical problems Port Saïd Long couloir Élévateur The canal’s effects A major global achievement Technological Imperialism’s Legacy Lowering the cost of European imperialism Involvement of national governmental and lesser groups Vast stretches of land included in empire Economy empires Cost increased during the 20th century Technological Imperialism’s Impact Historians’ debate Height of racism under new imperialism Legacy of fascination with innovation and machinery Obsession with technology Review What traits characterized the new definition of “empire” seen in the 19th century? Did the Colonial Exhibition accurately portray the position of France’s empire in 1931? How did technology impact the European colonization of Africa? III: Tactics of Rule Tactics of Rule In this section we will cover: The Scramble for Africa The Berlin Conference Governing the Colonies Tactics of Rule Around the World The Indian Rebellion Imperial Justifications “Shooting an Elephant” Causes of New Imperialism Technology Technologies redefined imperialism Second industrial revolution Nationalism New incentives to conquer the world Emotional appeals to community and history Causes of New Imperialism Economics Politics Colonies as markets for selling industrial goods Upsetting the previous economic balance Primacy of nation-states Germany and Italy Culture Assist the process of state-building Empire’s symbolic property of the nation The Berlin Conference Otto von Bismarck Establish ground rules for African colonization Turning point in European diplomacy Centralized power in Africa New Imperial Nations Belgium Germany Congo Free State Otto von Bismarck Wilhelm II Portugal Italy British Expansion in Africa Egypt and Sudan Colonization The Mahdi British East Africa British Cape Colony South Africa The Boer War French Expansion in Africa West African and North African domination Expansion from Algeria French Congo French Equatorial Guinea Intra-European Conflict Heightened tension in Europe The Boer War Fashoda Britain vs. France The Dreyfus affair The Middle East and India The Middle East The Ottoman Empire India Jewel of the British Empire Crucial part of Britain Worry over Indian security Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Southeast Asia Dutch East Indies British expansion France in Indochina South Pacific Competitive domain American involvement China and Japan China’s decline The Sino-Japanese War The Open Door policy The Boxer Rebellion Overthrowing the Qing Japan’s rise to global power Foothold in Korea Russo-Japanese victory New Imperialism Ideological foundations distinct from liberal empire Gradual abandonment of Europeanizing nonWestern peoples Supposed biological inferiority of imperial subjects Rudyard Kipling and “The White Man’s Burden” The Darwinian Revolution Changing what it meant to be human Theory of evolution Capacity of primitives Social Darwinism Fought against the Enlightenment Natural selection Permanence of racial traits Eugenics and the Science of Race Eugenics Karl Pearson Unfit groups Biometrics “Uplift the masses” Growth of anthropology Stages of human cultural evolution Edward Burnett Tylor Governing the Colonies: Brute Force Portugal King Leopold II of Belgium and the Congo Free State Hard labor at gunpoint Condemnation by European powers Official Belgian commission Governing the Colonies: The Civilizing Mission The French method Result of multiple ideas Mission civilisatrice French chauvinism Part of the French political identity Lesser effect of Social Darwinism Mixed results Destroyed native institutions Natives viewed as potential Frenchmen Governing the Colonies: Indirect Rule Britain Indirect rule prospered Indian Rebellions Hands-off policies Lower cost Gain of legitimacy Negative consequences Cultures did not remain intact Cleared the path for despots The Indian Rebellion: Overview Monumental in the history of the British Empire Indian voices from the rebellion are few and far between Incredibly personal Detail narrators’ personal experiences The Indian Rebellion: Causes New rifle cartridges Cow and pig fat Religious offenses Doctrine of Lapse Lord Dalhousie Seizure of Oudh Sita Ram Sepoy in Bengal army Captured during the Rebellion In charge of executions near the end of the Rebellion Remained loyal to the British Saw his own son Wrote down experiences in 1873 Vishnubhat Godse Brahman priest Travelled throughout northern India Met soldiers near Mau in 1857 Present at Jhansi during an 1858 attack Pandurang Mahipat Belsare Came from a well-off family Fell on hard times in the rebellion Failed business ventures Joined a native army Nana Sahib Tough conditions New Imperialism and Imperial Justifications New imperialism European domination The scramble for Africa Imperial justifications Social Darwinism Civilizing mission Edmund Morel British journalist in the Congo Realized the presence of slave labor Observations in Antwerp The Black Man’s Burden King Leopold’s Rule in Africa King Leopold’s Rule in Africa Forced labor Depopulation Everyday effects Infant mortality Reasons for the atrocities Morel sought to understand Hope for Congolese revolt Lack of European intervention The Belgian Investigative Commission 1903 report Rumors had already spread Drastic decline Belgian control Atrocities present Brutal conditions Shooting an Elephant George Orwell Young colonial administrator in Burma Internal debate present Situation in Burma perplexed and upset Orwell Hated his job Stuck between hatred for empire and dislike for colonial subjects Shooting an Elephant Arriving at the scene Orwell ordered a rifle Elephant on the loose Saw the elephant peaceful Knew he should not shoot the elephant A change of plans The wills of the crowd Saving face Shooting an Elephant Choosing to shoot the elephant Five shots The slow death of the elephant The aftermath Endless discussion Divided European opinion Orwell’s own thoughts Review What were the causes of new imperialism? What methods of governing their colonies did Europeans use in the late 19th century? What lesson(s) did George Orwell take away from the events of “Shooting an Elephant”? IV: The End of Empire The End of Empire In this section we will cover: The end of World War II Decolonization South Asia and East Asia North Africa The Middle East Post-war immigration to Europe Multiculturalism Buchi Emecheta Nigerian immigrant Followed her husband to England in 1961 Represents post-World War II colonial migration Failed expectations Successful novelist Autobiography Head Above Water The End of World War II Destabilization of colonial control Exacerbated dislike for imperialism Widespread rebellion Algeria, Vietnam, and Indonesia South Asia and East Asia South Asia First major region to achieve independence India and Pakistan East Asia Mao Zedong and the Communists Korea North African Autonomy Tough road to independence Not for all Algeria National Liberation Front Charles de Gaulle Evian Accords Independence in the Middle East A Jewish homeland Oil Israel Saudi Arabia Iran Israeli invasion of Egypt The secret plan The fallout Refugees and Guest Workers Large amounts of immigrants Temporary male workers Africans to France Guest workers Financial and economic sense The end of migrant worker programs Ethnic Politics and Civil Rights Focus on immigration and race The economic downturn’s effects Panic in Britain Racist concerns Bonnet Law Political activism of immigrants Creating a New Culture Immigration affected all of Europe Social policy Mixing of immigrants into society Immigrant communities Domestic life and gender roles Multiculturalism Renewed cultural mixture Rock music Eating habits High culture Art Music Films Review In what sense(s) did former colonies experience freedom during postimperialism? How did immigrant cultures come to affect European culture during decolonization?