Test Corrections Wednesday After school Capitulo 1A- parte escrito Realidades 2 Capítulo 1B Examen I Capítulo IB 14 de octubre 2014 el martes Español III El 13 de Octubre 2014 el LA META Capítulo 1B REPASOS REPASOS Y REPASOS AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS IN SPANISH Palabras Affirmativas y Negativas en Español In these notes you will learn more about negative and affirmative words used in Spanish including indefinite pronouns to mean nobody, nothing, someone, something, and many more. Read the explanations and the example sentences carefully to be ready to complete the exercises below to practice and to test yourself. Libros en la biblioteca When we want to talk about an indefinite situation, we use an affirmative word. When we want to talk about a negative situation, we use a negative word. PALABRAS AFIRMATIVAS algo - something alguien - someone alguno/a/as, algún - a, one, any, some siempre - always alguna vez - ever también - also o … o, either … or PALABRAS NEGATIVAS nada - nothing nadie - nobody ningún, ninguno/a - none nunca, jamás - never nunca, jamás - never tampoco - neither ni … ni - neither … nor Alguno and ninguno must match the gender and number of the noun they replace or modify. Note that alguno changes to algún when used before masculine singular nouns. Similarly, ninguno changes to ningún when used before masculine singular nouns. Alguno de ellos. (One of them.) Un hombre está lavando su coche. (A man is washing his car.) Algunos de los muchachos. (One of the boys.) Algunos hombres están lavando el coche. (Some men are washing the car.) Algunas mujeres están lavando el coche. (Some women are washing the car.) Algún libro se perdió en la biblioteca. (A book was lost in the library.) Algún hijo se perdió en el parque. (A boy was lost in the park.) No hay ningún libro en las mesa. (There is no book on the table.) Note that if you are including the masculine noun, you will use the words algún or ningún. But if you are not including the masculine noun because it is already known, it was already mentioned, etc, you use the form alguno and ninguno. ¿Están todos los libros en la biblioteca? No, alguno se perdió. (Are all the books in the library? No, one was lost.) ¿Están todos los niños listos? No, ninguno está listo. (Are all the children ready? No, none of them is ready.) If a verb is preceded by "no", any words that follow must be negative. A double negative is required in Spanish when "no" precedes the verb: No tenemos nada - We don’t have anything. [Literally: we don't have nothing.] No me gusta ninguna blusa - I don’t like any blouse. However, if the negative word comes before the verb, we don't need to use "no". Yo nunca veo películas de terror - I never watch horror movies. Nadie vio esa película porque era horrible Nobody watched that movie because it was horrible. leccíones en repaso ¡RECUERDAN UDS! Repasos antes de comenzar 1. Los Mapas Map of the Spanish Speaking World Not Spain at this time Countries and capitals. 2. Gramática- Mas...que Menos...que 3. Possessive Adjectives 4. Possessive Pronouns Práctica 5. Realidades 2 Tan...como Página 58 Actividad 18 Hace mucho tiempo que.... Página 59 Actividad 19 Una Entrevista Video y Gram Activa Capítulo 1B Actividad 4 Página 60 Realidades 2 1-9 Yerba Mate de Argentina Cultura 1 La Argentina __________________________ Capítulo 3 Realidades 2 LA TAREA Mini lección 12 to 15 minutes In home journal (notebook at home) TAREA homework is located at the bottom of this site Realidades 2 Capítulo 1B ¿Qué haces despúes de las clases? El Vocabulario Animador Animadora La música El músico La banda El equipo Ensayos Jugar El ajedrez Jugar a los bolos Las prácticas Hacer una búsqueda Crear una página Web Navegar en la red La natación Ramón está en línea Las artes marciales El hockey Hacer gimnasia Actividades Realidades 2 Página 49 Actividad 3 ¿Comprendiste? Página 50 Actividad 4 ¿Las Actividades de mis amigos? Página 57 Actividad 16 ¡Qué emocionante! Hace + time Expressions "Hace ..." to mean "ago" In a previous lesson, you learned to use the verb hacer with the present tense form of a verb to indicate the length of time an action has been taking place: Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb Hace un año que estudio español. I have been studying Spanish for one year. When the verb is in the preterite tense, a different meaning is conveyed: Hace + time + que + preterite tense form of the verb Hace un año que estudié español. I studied Spanish one year ago. There is another way to convey the same idea: Preterite tense form of the verb + hace + time Estudié español hace un año. I studied Spanish one year ago. Note the differences and similarities: Hace un año que estudio español. I have been studying Spanish for one year. Hace un año que estudié español. I studied Spanish one year ago. Estudié español hace un año. I studied Spanish one year ago. Comparisons of Inequality 1. If two things are not equal, they are unequal. We are not the same height. You are taller than I. The two items do not cost the same. The camera is more expensive than the television. In Spanish, inequality is expressed by using one of the following formulae: más (menos) + adjective + que más (menos) + adverb + que más (menos) + noun + que Here are some examples: Tú eres más alto que yo. You are taller than I. Mónica habla más lentamente que Carmen. Monica speaks more slowly than Carmen. Tengo menos libros que Arsenio. I have fewer books than Arsenio. If the comparative is followed by a number, use de rather than que. Hay menos de veinte alumnos en la clase. There are less than twenty students in the class. Él tiene más de noventa años. He is more than ninety years old. (Literally: He has more than ninety years.) the sentence is negative, que is used Note that when even with numbers, to convey the meaning "only." Tengo más de cinco dólares. (I have more than five dollars.) but No tengo más que cinco dólares. (I only have five dollars.) Hay más de veinte estudiantes en la clase. But No hay más que veinte estudiantes en la clase. (There are only twenty students in the class.) Comparisons of Inequality with Adjectives In order to actually compare two objects in a comparison of inequality (one object being more or less ____ than the other), we use the following construction: subject + linking verb + más/menos + adjective + que + noun Marcos + es + más + alto + que + su hermana. (Marcos is taller than his sister.) Yo + soy + menos + inteligente + que + tú. (I am less intelligent than you.) Mi coche + es + más + rápido + que + el tuyo. (My car is faster than yours.) La puerta es más roja que una cereza. (The door is redder than a cherry.) Comparisons of Equality with Adjectives While a comparison of inequality compares two objects or people with different characteristics, a comparison of equality means that the two objects have equal characteristics. In order to make these comparisons, we use the adjective with the expression "tan ... como...", which is like saying "as ... as... ". See the construction below: subject + linking verb + tan + adjective + como + noun Marcos + es + tan + alto + como + su hermana. (Marcos is as tall as his sister). Yo + soy + tan + inteligente + como + tú. (I am as intelligent as you.) Mi coche + es + tan + rápido + como + el tuyo. (My car is as fast as yours.) La puerta + es + tan + roja + como + una cereza. (The door is as red as a cherry.) Comparisons with Superlatives Superlatives are also used in comparisons. In English, we create superlatives by placing a definite article before the adjective, to which we add the suffix "-est" (the strongest, the smartest, the nicest, etc.). To turn this into a comparison, we add the group to which the object or person is being compared (She's the prettiest in the class / at the party / of her friends.). To convey this same concept in Spanish, we use a construction very similar to the other comparison formulas we have reviewed, with the definite article (el, la, los, las) preceding the comparison word (más, menos) and using de instead of que. subject + verb + definite article + más/menos + adjective + de + rest of sentence María + es + la + más + guapa + de + sus amigas. (María is the prettiest of her friends.) Mi coche es el más caro de todos. (My car is the most expensive of them all.) Sara es la menos alta de su clase. (Sara is the least tall of her class.) Pedro es el menos rápido de su equipo. (Pedro is the least fast of his team. __________________________________________ __fin el 29 de septiembre 2014 Hora II Comparisons with Adverbs The same formula is used in comparisons with adverbs, the only difference being that you won't have to worry about gender given that adverbs have only one form. (Need a refresher on how to form the superlative? Take a look at this page: Spanish adverbs) subject + verb + más/menos + adverb + que + noun Sara + estudia + menos + diligentemente + que + Marcos. (Sara studies less diligently than Marcos.) Su casa + está + más + lejos + que + la mía. (His/Her house is farther than mine.) Irregular Comparisons Both English and Spanish have several "irregular" comparison words, meaning that the adjective changes. Take, for example, the adjective "bad". If we followed normal rules for forming comparisons, we would say "badder" instead of the irregular comparison word "worse". The same goes for Spanish; the word for bad is "malo" but in comparisons instead of saying "más malo" we say "peor". See a few examples below: Normal adjective Adjective in comparison good = bueno better = mejor bad = malo worse = peor big = grande bigger = mayor (referring to age) old = viejo older = mayor young = joven younger = menor little = pequeño littler = menor (referring to age) Another lookPossessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership. mi libro my book tu pluma your pen There are five possessive adjectives. mi tu su nuestro vuestro su Three possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su) have only two forms, singular and plural. mi mis tu tus su sus Possessive adjectives agree with the nouns they modify. That is, they agree with the thing possessed, not the possessor. mi libro my book mis libros my books tu pluma your pen tus plumas your pens Mi, tu and su do not have masculine and feminine forms. They stay the same, regardless of the gender of the nouns they modify. mi amigo mi amiga tus hermanos tus hermanas su libro sus plumas Mi means "my" ; tu means "your." Mi casa es tu casa. My house is your house. Su, like tu, can mean "your." The difference between your (tu) and your (su) lies in the degree of formality the speaker wishes to convey. Mi casa es tu casa. (speaking to someone you would address as "tú") Mi casa es su casa. (speaking to someone you would address as "usted") Note: The two words "tu" and "tú" are pronounced the same. Tú (with the written accent) is the subject pronoun meaning "you" (informal). Tu (without the written accent) is the possessive adjective meaning "your" (informal). Su has four meanings: his, her, their and your (formal). María busca a su hermana. María is looking for her sister. Juan busca a su hermana. Juan is looking for his sister. Ellos buscan a su hermana. They are looking for their sister. Su madre busca a su hermana. Your mother is looking for your sister. If the meaning of su is not clear from the context of the sentence, a prepositional phrase is used in place of su. María busca a la hermana de él. María looks for his sister. El hombre busca las llaves de ella. The man looks for her keys. María busca el cuaderno de Juan. María looks for Juan's notebook. El hombre busca las llaves de Samanta. The man looks for Samanta's keys. Two possessive adjectives (nuestro and vuestro) have four forms. nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras Nuestro means "our." nuestro hermano our brother nuestra hermana our sister nuestros hermanos our brothers nuestras hermanas our sisters Vuestro means "your" (familiar, plural). Like vosotros, vuestro is primarily used in Spain. vuestro libro your book vuestra pluma your pen vuestros libros your books vuestras plumas your pens Here are all of the possessive adjectives: mi(s) my tu(s) your (fam. sing.) su(s) his, her, your (formal), their nuestro(-a, -os, -as) our vuestro(-a, -os, -as) your (fam. pl.) Note that these possessive adjectives are not used with articles of clothing or body parts. Rather, the definite article is used. Me gusta el vestido nuevo. I like my new dress Me duele el brazo. My arm hurts. *Comparatives and Superlatives: Talking about what's Good, Better and Best Understanding Comparatives and Superlatives Let’s talk about the best band of all time, who is the oldest person in your class, and how your friend’s car compares with yours. You can compare things just as easily in Spanish as you can in English. You should already be familiar with the concept of good, better, and best. When you’re talking about one thing, it’s good. When you’re comparing it to something else, it’s better. When you say that it is better than anything else, it’s the best. If you understand this, you already know what a comparative and a superlative are. -Words that compare one thing to another (e.g., better, older) are called comparatives. - Words that put something at the top or bottom of the class, so to speak, (e.g., best, oldest) are called superlatives. Below are some common comparatives and superlatives in Spanish. Look at the table and follow each word from left to right. bueno good mejor que better than malo bad peor que worse than worse viejo old mayor que older older than joven young menor que bueno good el / la mejor the best malo younger than bad el / la peor the worst viejo old el / la mayor the oldest joven young el / la menor the youngest EXAMPLES (You should also know that bien and mal share the same construction as bueno and malo.) Let’s say that you want to talk about your favorite soccer team. Mi equipo de fútbol favorito es muy bueno. My favorite soccer team is very good. Say that you want to claim that your favorite soccer team is better than your friend’s. Mi equipo de fútbol favorito es mejor que el tuyo. My favorite soccer team is better than yours. Now, say that you want to boast that your soccer team is the best of all ¡Mi equipo de fútbol es el mejor! My soccer team is the best! Possessive Pronouns Parte I Possessive Pronouns 1. We begin this lesson with a review of the difference between an adjective and a pronoun. adjective describes a noun pronoun takes the place of a noun Look at the following sentence pairs. One has an adjective, while the other has a pronoun. My book is large. (adjective, describes book) Yours is small. (pronoun, takes the place of noun) Your car is green. (Possessive adjective, describes car) Mine is red. (pronoun, takes the place of noun) Now, let's look at each sentence a little more closely. My book is large. My is an adjective because it modifies, or describes the noun "book." Furthermore, it is a "possessive" adjective because it tells who owns, or possesses, the book. Yours is small. Yours is a pronoun, because it replaces or takes the place of a noun. In this case, the previous sentence tells us that "yours" is replacing the noun "book." Furthermore, it is a "possessive" pronoun because it tells who owns, or possesses, the noun it is replacing. Your car is green. Your is an adjective because it modifies the noun "car." Furthermore, it is a "possessive" adjective because it tells who owns, or possesses, the car. Mine is red. Mine is a pronoun, because it replaces or takes the place of a noun. In this case, the previous sentence tells us that "mine" is replacing the noun "car." Furthermore, it is a "possessive" pronoun because it tells who owns, or possesses, the noun it is replacing. So far, we have been talking about the difference between the possessive adjective and the possessive pronoun. You will recall that in a previous lesson, you already learned about the possessive adjectives. mi(s) my mi libro mis plumas tu(s) your (fam. sing.) tu libro tus plumas su(s) his, her, your (formal), their su libro sus plumas nuestro(-a, -os, -as) our nuestro libro nuestras plumas vuestro(-a, -os, -as) your (fam. pl.) vuestro libro vuestras plumas SU Es su casa It is your house It is the house of all of You The possessive pronouns are similar to the possessive adjectives, but they are normally used with the definite article. mine el mío / la mía los míos / las mías yours (familiar) el tuyo / la tuya los tuyos / las tuyas yours (formal), his, hers el suyo / la suya los suyos / las suyas ours el nuestro / la nuestra los nuestros / las nuestras yours (familiar) el vuestro / la vuestra los vuestros / las vuestras yours (formal), theirs el suyo / la suya los suyos / las suyas Now let's translate our model sentences: Mi libro es grande. My book is large. El tuyo es pequeño. Yours is small. Tu coche es verde. Your car is green. El mío es rojo. Mine is red. The previous translations assume that you are talking to a friend, or someone you know well, and are using the informal "tú" form of speech. But remember, Spanish also has a more formal form of speech. Notice how the same sentences change if we assume that you are talking to someone in a position of authority, using the more formal "usted" form of speech. Mi libro es grande. (no change) My book is large. El suyo es pequeño. (formal) Yours (formal) is small. Su carro es verde. (formal) Your (formal) car is green. El mío es rojo. (no change) Mine is red. The definite article is usually omitted when the possessive pronoun comes after the verb ser : El carro grande es mío. The big car is mine. El carro pequeño es suyo. The small car is hers. Notice the following ambiguity: El carro grande es suyo. The big car is his. El carro grande es suyo. The big car is hers. El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas can be clarified as follows: El carro grande es suyo. The big car is his. (unclarified) El carro grande es de él. The big car is his. (clarified) La casa pequeña es suya. The small house is hers. (unclarified) La casa pequeña es de ella. The small house is hers. (clarified) Los carros grandes son suyos. The big cars are theirs. (unclarified) Los carros grandes son de ellas. The big cars are theirs. (clarified) Las casas pequeñas son suyas. The small houses are theirs. (unclarified) Las casas pequeñas son de ellos. The small houses are theirs. (clarified) Note: de + el are contracted to form "del," however, de + él are not contracted. Possessive Pronouns Learn Spanish: Possessive Pronouns in Spanish In this learn Spanish grammar lesson, we go over possessive pronouns in Spanish. Possessive Pronouns also describe possession -- they are the same as the long form of the Spanish possessive adjective that you learned in the previous lesson. But, Spanish possessive pronouns are always used with a definite article (el, la, los, las). Possessive Pronoun Forms Subject Pronoun Poss. Poss. Pronoun Pronou English (singular n Translation ) (plural) yo el mío, la mía los míos, las mías tú el tuyo, la tuya los tuyos, yours las tuyas él/ella/usted el suyo, la suya los suyos, his/hers/your las suyas s nosotros el nuestro, los mine ours la nuestra vosotros nuestros, las nuestras los el vuestro, vuestros, yours la vuestra las vuestras ellos/ellas/ustede el suyo, la s suya los suyos, theirs/yours las suyas Examples: Mi auto y el tuyo. My car and yours. Tu casa es más grande que la mía. Your house is bigger than mine. Nuestra ciudad no es tan peligrosa como la suya. Our city isn't as dangerous as theirs. Mi computadora no funciona bien. ¿Puedo usar la tuya? My computer isn't working well. Can I use yours? Note: Basically, what you see is that we are avoiding not repeating the noun by replacing the possessive adjective + noun with the possessive pronoun. For example: Tu casa es más grande que mi casa. (the possessive adj. + noun). Tu casa es más grande que la mía. (the possessive pronoun). Note: Because él/ella/usted/ellos/ellas/ustedes all use the same poss. pronoun, when the context is not clear, you may have to clarify your message. Use the definite article + de + the pronoun (él/ella/usted/ellos/ellas/ustedes) or the name of the person (for even further clarification). --Tengo dos estudiantes, Marco y Marcia. Su madre está enferma. I have two students, Marco and Marcia. His/Her mother is sick. -- ¿La de él o la de ella? His or hers? -- La de ella. Hers. For Better or for Worse: MEJOR QUE and PEOR QUE When you want to compare the age (older, younger) or quality (better, best) of two things, you will use the comparative form of the adjective plus than. For example: mejor que better than peor que worse than mayor que older than menor que younger than If you want to say, for example, that your sister is older than you are, you will say, “Mi hermana es mayor que yo.” Por ejemplo: El hermano de Juan es mayor que él. Juan’s brother is older than him. El sombrero negro es mejor que el sombrero blanco. The black hat is better than the white hat. La primera banda fue mejor que la segunda. The first band was better than the second. The Best of All: LA MEJOR If you want to say that your sister is the oldest in your family, you will simply add the article “the” to the comparative form of the adjective. The sentence becomes: “Mi hermana es la mayor.” Por ejemplo: Él es el mejor cantante del mundo. He is the best singer in the world. Ella es la peor estudiante de la clase. She is the worst student in the class. La señora es la mayor del barrio. The lady is the oldest in the neighborhood. Margarita es la hija menor. Margaret is the youngest daughter. You will notice that the word de is often used with superlatives. When used after a superlative, de can mean “in” or “of.” Por ejemplo: El jugador es el mejor de todos. The player is the best of all. Lupe es la mejor trabajadora del grupo. Lupe is the best worker in the group. Notice that in the second example, de has combined with el to form del. This is identical to the formation of al from a and el. Anytime you see de and el together, remember: de + el = del The Most of All: MÁS DE You can also form superlatives by talking about the strongest, coolest, fastest thing of all. Whereas you form these superlatives in English by adding an –est to the end of the adjective or adverb, you form them in Spanish by using the word más instead. Más means more. If you wish to talk about “the hottest day of the summer” in Spanish, you’ll have to say “the day most hot of the summer.” Sound strange? Remember that in English, not all adjectives can be transformed with an –est ending. You can’t say “beautifulest” or “expensivest”! In those cases, you form the superlative just as it is done in Spanish: you talk about the “most beautiful” or the “most expensive.” That’s exactly how it’s done in Spanish. All other superlatives will be formed using the sentence construction below. noun + “más” + adjective or adverb + “de” + noun In Spanish, then, the phrase “the hottest day of the summer” will become: el día + más + caluroso + del + verano Por ejemplo: Hoy es el día más caluroso del verano. Today is the hottest day of the summer. La primavera es la estación más lluviosa en mi región. The spring is the wettest season in my region. Los matadores profesionales solo usan los toros más fuertes de España. Professional bullfighters only use the strongest bulls in Spain. Estas son las flores más hermosas de mi jardín. These are the most beautiful flowers of my garden. Juan tiene la guitarra más cara del grupo. John has the most expensive guitar in the group. Super Cool: The Ending -ísimo In Spanish, there’s another way of expressing how something is just the “mostest.” You can intensify the meaning of any adjective by adding the ending ísimo. This is the English equivalent adding a “very” or “super” before the adjective. Por ejemplo: La comida está riquísima. The food is super delicious. Estás bellísima, mi hija. You’re gorgeous, my daughter. El atleta corrió rapidísimo en la competencia. The athlete ran super fast in the competition. La noche estuvo heladísima. The night was super cold. Some More Comparisons: MÁS QUE and MENOS QUE Other comparisons you will make will be of the greater and lesser sort. In other words, you will say that something has more or less of a quality than the other thing. For example, • Julie has more pens than Matt. • San Francisco has fewer people than Los Angeles. • When it comes to shoes, Annette has more than her sister. Notice that the words “more” and “less” are followed by a “than.” In Spanish, it’s just the same, but instead of talking about “more than” you will talk about más que. más que = more (or greater) than menos que = less (or fewer) than Por ejemplo: Ricardo es más inteligente que José. Richard is more intelligent than Joe. Elena tiene menos dinero que Nadia. Ellen has less money than Nadia. Javier es más fuerte que su hermano. Javier is stronger than his brother. Pedro come menos que Miguel. Peter eats less than Michael. El pasaje de tren cuesta menos que el de avion. The train ticket costs less than the airplane ticket. Expressing How Things are Alike: TAN COMO and TANTO COMO You can also use comparatives to describe how similar two things are. For example, you might wish to say: • You’re as nice as your sister. • I have as many toys as you. Expressions like tan … como and tanto … como help you do that. When you compare two things that are similar in English, you often use as … as, whether or not the word that the two things have in common is a noun, adjective, or adverb. In Spanish, however, there is a distinction. - Use tan … como for “as … as” when the characteristic in common is an adjective or adverb. - Use tanto … como for “as many … as” or “as much … as,” when the characteristic in common is a noun. Go back and look at the sample sentences in English above. Can you guess which would use tan … como and which would use tanto … como? • Eres tan amable como tu hermana. (“nice” is an adjective) • Tengo tantos juguetes como tú. (“toys” is a noun) Remember that the word tanto must reflect the gender and quantity of the noun it describes. • Tengo tanto dinero como él. • Ella tiene tantos zapatos como su amiga. • Nosotros tenemos tanta comida como los otros. • Ustedes tienen tantas cosas como nosotros. Tu auto es tan lento como un caracol. Your car is as slow as a snail. ("slow" is an adjective) Tenemos tantas vacas como ovejas. We have as many cows as sheep. ("cows" is a noun) Carlos es tan guapo como su hermano. Charles is as handsome as his brother. ("handsome" is an adjective) Tú tienes tantas ideas como yo. You have as many ideas as I do. ("ideas" is a TAREA Realidades 2 TAREA Capítulo 1B THE MINI- LEZIONI required in the home journal every night TEST TOMORROW Capítulo 1B I Mini lezione 12 to 15 minutes REVIEW THE VERBS IN THE VERB PACKET! Review and conjugate 5 FIVE VERBS each night! In home journal !