Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen
•Alkanes contain only single bonds
•Alkenes contain at least one double bond
•Alkynes contain at least one triple bond
Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen
•Alkanes contain only single bonds
•Alkenes contain at least one double bond
•Alkynes contain at least one triple bond
General Formulas:
•Alkanes = CnH2n+2
•Alkenes = CnH2n
•Alkynes = CnH2n-2
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:
Two part names:
•Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in
the chain
•Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:
Two part names:
•Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in
the chain
•Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne
Memorize these prefixes, in order:
1 – Meth
2 – Eth
3 – Prop
4 – But
5 – Pent
6 – Hex
7 – Hept
8 – Oct
9 – Non
10 – Dec
Meth + ane, ene, yne
Methane:
Methene: does not exist
Methyne: does not exist
Eth + ane, ene, yne
Ethane:
Ethene:
Ethyne:
Prop + ane, ene, yne
Propane:
Propene:
Propyne:
But + ane, ene, yne
Butane:
Butene:
Butyne:
Pent + ane, ene, yne
Pentane:
Pentene:
Pentyne:
Hex + ane, ene, yne
Hexane:
Hexene:
Hexyne:
Hept + ane, ene, yne
Heptane:
Heptene:
Heptyne:
Oct + ane, ene, yne
Octane:
Octene:
Octyne:
Non + ane, ene, yne
Nonane:
Nonene:
Nonyne:
Dec + ane, ene, yne
Decane:
Decene:
Decyne:
Functional Groups:
•Common groups of elements added to
hydrocarbons that change their chemistry
•Can be added on the end or interior
•Names are changed to reflect the functional
group(s)
Cyclo-hydrocarbons
•Carbons are in a ring
•lowers expected C:H ratio by 2 hydrogens
Cyclohexane:
1, 3, 5 cyclohexene :
Or benzene or phenyl
Cyclohexene:
Alcohols: have a hydroxide functional group
•Usually on the end, but doesn’t have to be
•Name ends in “ol”
Ethanol:
Amines: contain nitrogen inside or on the end of
the carbon chain
•N can form up to 3 bonds, so either there is 1
chain and 2 H, 2 chains and 1 H, or 3 chains
•The suffix “amine” is added
•If there chains, the nitrogen is counted as being
attached to the longest chain, and an italic N is
used to show the shorter chains are attached to
the nitrogen
•If the N is inside a single chain, an infixed
number is used
Methanamine:
Butan-2-amine:
N-methylethanamine:
Carboxylic acids: an end carbon is double bonded
to O and to hydroxide
•The carbonyl carbon counts as part of the
chain
•The suffix “ioc acid” is added
•Can have one on each end of a chain, but
naming that is beyond the scope of AP
(especially if there are several branches)
Ethanioc Acid:
(Acetic Acid)