Chapter 8
 Voting Restrictions
 Imposed new voting restrictions.
 Limited the vote to people who could
read.
 Administered a literacy test
 Officials could fail or pass them.
 Poll Tax
 Annual tax they had to pay before
qualifying to vote.
 Often too poor to pay.
 Added Grandfather Clause to reinstate
white voters.
 Still entitled whites to vote.
 Only eligible if father, or grandfather
had been eligible before Jan 1.
 January 1
 Important Date
 Before that time freed slaves did
not have the right to vote
 1870’s-1880’s
 Supreme Court failed to overturn these
restrictions.
 Southern States passed
segregation laws.
 Public and Private Facilities
 These laws became the JIM CROW
LAWS!
 Named after a minstrel song.
 Allowed as long as they provided the
same service.
 1896
 Supreme Court
 Ruled that the separation of races in
public accommodations was legal and did
not violate the 14th Amendment.
 Established the Doctrine of:
 SEPARATE BUT EQUAL!
 Permitted legalized racial
segregation for almost 60 years.
 African Americans
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Were belittled
Humiliated
Second-Class Citizens
Blacks/Whites never shook hands
Black men always had to remove their
hats.
 Yield to them while walking.
 Booker T. Washington
 Work together to achieve social reform.
 Violence
 Those who did not follow
 Faced severe punishments
 Lynching
 Peaked in the 1880-1890
 Continued into the 20th century
 Discrimination in the North
 1900- black began to move north
 Forced into segregated neighborhoods
 Mexican Workers
 Worked the Railroads for less money
 Debt Peonage
 Work off debt to the employer
 Excluding the Chinese
 100,000 immigrants in 1880
 Were in segregated schools
 Neighborhoods
 Strong opposition to Chinese
immigration developed, not only in
the West.
 Amusement parks
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Started in Chicago and New York
Ready for new forms of entertainment
Many cities built small playgrounds
Boosted picnic grounds
Variety of rides.
 Bicycling and Tennis
 Began as a male only sport
 Eventually dropped the crossbar
 Women now could ride bikes.
 1890- 10 million bikes were sold in one
year.
 Took up tennis as well
 1874- Americans will see their first
tennis match.
 Spectator Sports
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Participated in new sports
Boxing and Baseball
Fans could attend
20th century became profitable businesses
 Baseball
 Alexander Cartwright
 Set down regulations on an English sport
Rounder's.
 Five years later
 50 groups
 12 in New York alone.
 1869
 Cincinnati Red Stockings
 Led to the formation of the National
League.
 Had two Negro Leagues
 Mark Twain:
 “The very symbol…and visible
expression of the drive and push and
rush and struggle on the raging,
tearing, booming 19th century”.
 Mass Circulation of Newspapers
 Joseph Pulitzer
 Bought the New York World in 1883.
 Did a large Sunday section
 Comics
 Sports coverage
 Women’s news
 William Randolph Hearst
 Purchased New York Morning Journal
 Sought to outdo Pulitzer
 Pulitzer
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Used exaggerated tales
Personal scandals
Cruelty
Hypnotism
Imaginary conquest of Mars?????
 By 1898, circulation of both papers
reached more than one million a
day.
 1900
 One art gallery graced every large
city.
 Thomas Eakins
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Embraced realism
Portray life as it was.
Studied anatomy
Used painstaking geometric skills in his
work.
 Ashcan School
 American Art School
 Led by Student Robert Henri.
 Were soon challenged by European
Schools.
 Used abstract art
 Most found difficult to understand
 Called the poor man’s university.
 1900’s free circulating libraries in
America in the thousands.
 Literacy Rates Rose
 Scholars debated the role of literature.
 Most preferred to read light fiction.
 Dime novels
 Glorified adventure tales
 Some readers wanted a more realistic
portrayal of life.
 Mark Twain
 American classics of literature.
 Huckleberry Finn
 Art galleries and libraries to raise
cultural standards.
 Urban Shopping
 Gazing in window displays
 The Department Store
 Less expensive but reliable
 The Chain Store
 Woolworths
 Advertising
 Billboards, houses, rocks, barns
 Catalogs and RFD
 RFD- system that brought packages to
your home,
 Sears