Socio-cultural Diversity and
National Integration
Padma Prasad Khatiwada, PhD
Objectives
• Explain the socio-cultural diversity profile of the country
• Explain the importance of socio-cultural diversity in national
development
• Analyze the binding factors for national integration
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• o;sf] kl/efiff b'O{ d'Vo tTj;+u cfwfl/t x'G5 M :jLsfo{tf (Acceptance) /
;Ddfg (Respect/Dignity)
• Understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our
individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race,
ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age,
physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.
• Diversity is a recognizable source of creativity and innovation that can provide a
basis for competitive advantage. On the other hand, diversity is also a cause of
misunderstanding, suspicion and conflict in the workplace that can result in
absenteeism, poor quality, low morale and loss of competitiveness (BassettJones, 2005)
Dimensions of Diversity
• Qualitative Diversity:
– Diverse feature of multicultural society cannot be changed that are
rooted in a common history nor effectively modified by violating
fundamental human rights, such as religion, language
• Quantitative Diversity:
– Economic diversities can be changed in a society by improving
equality or by making political decision
• ‘We’ a common feeling of us creates the ‘Other’ or ‘They’diversity crop out
Different Forms of Social Diversity
• Multiculturalism, or ethnic diversity, the promotion of multiple ethnic
cultures
• Cultural diversity, the respect of different cultures and interculturality
• Functional diversity (disability), an alternative term for "special
needs," "disability," "impairment" or "handicap"
• Neurodiversity, a movement in support of civil rights of people with
atypical (different) neurological characteristics
• Diversity training, the process of educating people to function in a
diverse environment
• Diversity (politics), the political and social policy of encouraging
tolerance for people of different backgrounds
Why Diversity?
• Exploration of differences in a safe, positive, and
nurturing (promoting) environment.
• Understanding each other and moving beyond
simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the
rich dimensions of diversity contained within each
individual.
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What are Nepal’s diversities?
• Natural, social, cultural, geographical, linguistic, ethnic and religious
• Base: Geographical diversity of Nepal that has shaped its sociocultural diversity
• Caste/ethnic diversity: 125 caste/ethnic groups
• Linguistic diversity: 123 languages spoken as mother tongue
• Religious diversity: 10 types of religions
To UNDERSTAND ALL DIVERSITIES, ONE MUST
UNDERSTAND DEMOGRAPHY
Nepal’s Social Demography
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Demography, Vol. I and II (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census, U.S. Government Printing
Office) (Condensed version available from Academic Press, New York: United Nations) pp 83-
75-79
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;|f]t M World Population Data Sheet, 2012
Top 11 and bottom 14 caste/ethnic groups in terms of household size, Census 2011
7,0
6,7 6,7 6,6
6,5 6,5 6,5 6,4
6,4
6,2 6,2 6,2
6,0
5,0
4,9
4,3 4,3 4,3 4,3 4,3 4,3
4,2 4,2 4,2 4,2
4,0
3,0
2,0
4,0 3,9
3,9 3,9
Sex ratio by broader social groups, Census 2011
120,0
116
108
110,0
107
102
101
101
100,0
98
97
95
92
94
94
91
90,0
87
87
80,0
Hill Brahman Hill Chhetree Madhesi B/C Madhesi OC Madhesi OC
-A
-B
Hill Dalit
Madhesi
Dalit
Newar
M/H Janajati M/H Janajati Tarai Janajati Musalman
-A
-B
Others
(MPB)
Others
undefined
NEPAL
Total Fertility Rate
6,30
6,27
5,39
3,25
2,52
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
2010
2020
Total fertility rate by broader social groups, 2011
4,0
3,69
3,5
2,95
3,0
2,67
2,5
2,01
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
3,27 3,33 3,20
2,42
2,14
1,73
2,62
2,37
2,16
Life expectancy at birth (1981-2011)
Total
Male
Female
68
66,6
61,6
65,4
60,4
55
50,9
49,8
48,1
1981
61,1
54,3
53,5
1991
2001
2011
Life expectancy at birth by broader social groups,
2011
80,0
75,0
74,10
73,26
72,35
70,45
70,32
70,0
65,57
65,0
60,0
55,0
50,0
72,87
72,26
70,12
69,44
70,47
Population Projection
(2011-2031) (Medium variant)
Population Projection (in Million)
Population Projection (in Million)
26,5
28,4
2011
2016
30,4
32,1
33,6
2021
2026
2031
Fig 4.1: Top and bottom ten caste/ethnic groups in
terms of percentage of population, Census 2011
Raute (618), Nurang (278) and Kusunda (273) have even less than one thousand populations.
Classification of 125 groups into broader social
groups, 2011 Census
SN
Social Groups
125 Caste/Ethnic groups
1.
Hill Brahman
Hill Brahman (1)
2.
Hill Chhetree
Chhetree, Thakuri, Sanyasi/Dasnami (3)
3.
Madhesi Brahman/ Chhetree (B/C)
Tarai Brahmin, Kayastha, Rajput (3)
4.
a. Madhesi Other Caste
(OC) – A
[literacy 50+%]
Amat, Badhaee, Baraee, Dev, Gaderi/Bhedihar, Hajam/Thakur, Haluwai, Kalar, Kalwar, Kamar, Kanu, Kathbaniyan, Koiri/Kushwaha,
Kurmi, Lohar, Rajbhar, Rajdhob, Sonar, Sudhi, Teli, Yadav (21)
b. Madhesi Other Caste
(OC) – B
Bin, Dhandi, Dhankar/Kharikar, Dhunia, Kahar, Kewat, Kori, Kumhar, Lodh, Mali, Mallaha, Natuwa, Nuniya, Nurang, Sarbaria (15)
[literacy <50%]
5.
Hill Dalit
Badi, Damai/Dholi, Gaine, Kami, Sarki (5)
6.
Madhesi Dalit
Bantar/Sardar, Chamar/Harijan/Ram, Chidimar, Dhobi, Dom, Dusadh/Pasawan/Pasi, Halkhor, Khatwe, Musahar, Tatma/Tatwa (10)
7.
Newar
Newar (1)
8.
a. Mountain/Hill (M/H)
Janajati–A
[literacy 66+%]
b. Mountain/Hill (M/H)
Janajati–B
[literacy <66%]
Sherpa, Yakkha, Jirel, Kulung, Yamphu, Mewahang Bala, Gharti/Bhujel, Khaling, Darai, Magar, Chhantyal/Chhantel, Aathpariya, Bahing,
Rai, Thulung, Gurung, Limbu, Lepcha, Samgpang, Dura, Chamling, Bantaba, Loharung, Thakali (24)
Bhote, Bote, Brahmu/Baram, Byasi/Sauka, Chepang, Danuwar, Dolpo, Ghale, Hayu, Hyolmo, Kumal, Kusunda, Lhomi, Lhopa, Majhi,
Nachhiring, Pahari, Raji, Raute, Sunuwar, Tamang, Thami, Topkegola, Walung (24)
Dhanuk, Dhimal, Gangai, Jhangad/Dhagar, Kisan, Koche, Meche, Munda, Pattharkatta/Kushwadiya, Rajbansi, Satar/Santhal, Tajpuriya,
9.
Tarai Janajati
10.
Musalman
Musalman (1)
11.
Other (MPB)
Marwadi, Punjabi/Sikh, Bangali (MPB) ( (3)
12.
Other undefined
Dalit others, Janajati others, Tarai others, undefined others (4)
Tharu (13)
Percentage distribution of population by broader social groups,
Census 2011
20,0
19,07
15,0
14,33
12,18
11,25
10,0
8,59
8,12
7,89
4,99
5,0
4,41
4,39
2,55
0,83
0,32
0,59
0,39
0,00
0,06
0,03
Dalit Others Janajati Others Terai Others
Others
undefined
Foreigner
0,0
Hill Brahman Hill Chhetree
Madhesi B/C Madhesi OC - Madhesi OC A
B
Hill Dalit
Madhesi Dalit
Newar
M/H Janajati - M/H Janajati - Tarai Janajati
A
B
Musalman
Others (MPB)
Nurang
Chidimar
Kamar
Rajbhar
Sonar
Sunuwar
Kisan
Badhaee
Bhote
Sherpa
NEPAL
Byasi
Baraee
Punjabi/Sikh
Bangali
Munda
Bin
Kushwadiya
Badi
Dhunia
Hyolmo
40,0
Top 10 and bottom 10 caste/ethnic groups in terms of annual growth rate of
29,22
24,9021,62
30,0
population, Census 2011
17,52
20,0
13,9012,70
9,92 8,54 8,22
6,16
10,0
1,35
0,0
-10,0
-3,14 -3,63 -4,63 -5,03 -5,36
-8,13 -9,33
-20,0
-15,90
-22,83
-30,0
-40,0
-41,44
-50,0
Number of languages reported in
different censuses of Nepal
Number of languages
Number of languages
123
92
44
36
1952/54 1961
31
17
18
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Language speakers, 2011 (in %)
Major language Speakers (in %)
Major language Speakers in percentage
44,64
11,67
5,98 5,77 5,11
3,2
2,99 2,98 2,97 2,61 1,89 1,3
1,23 1,03 0,6
Top 10 and bottom 10 caste/ethnic groups in
terms of literacy, Census 2011
90,0
80,0
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
Literacy rates of selected social groups
90,0
80,0
82,1
81,9
80,1
72,2
72,2
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
79,5
56,7
65,9
61,6 62,5
61,9
55,7
43,6
41,3
34,5
Population by Religion
Название диаграммы
100,0
90,0
80,0
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
81,3
Hinduism
21551492
Buddihism
2396099
Islam
1162370
Kirat
807169
Christianity
375,699
Prakriti
121,982
Bon
9,0
4,2
3,6
0,4
0,5
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,3
13,006
Jainism
3,214
Bahai
1,283
Sikhism
Others
609
61,581
Integration
• Bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into
unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;
desegregation.
• Pre-condition to Integration
• Inclusion (which is different from Integration).
• Inclusion based on equity, or short-term policies like reservation,
quota system.
What types of Integration, Where?
•
•
•
•
Political
Socio-cultural
Economic
Psychological
How Integration Possible?
• Diversity as an asset
• Power sharing (Holding Together Federal System – not by
decentralization in unitary system)
• Multiple loyalty
• Self rule and shared rule
• Territorial and non territorial model of federal ruling system
• Concept of composed citizens
• Inclusive democracy
• The most contentious issue: Concept of multinational state.
What are the unifying factors?
• Linguistic
• Cultural
• Historic
• Keep silent on religion : State has no religion
• Local Governance and Decentralisation
• Economic Prosperity
Tribute to Madiba who materialized Rainbow
Colour : “Young people are our greatest treasure”
Thanks