RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT
CH. 5. FOSSIL FUELS
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/9329185/Cairn-agrees-414m-deal-for-North-Sea-oil-field-owner-Nautical-Petroleum.html
5-1. LIFE ON THE EARTH
5-1-1. Origin of Life
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Creationism
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Spontaneous generation theory – proven to be not correct by
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1668, Francisco Redi
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1768, Lazzaro Spallanzani
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1861, Louis Pasteur
Abiogenesis
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1924, Alexander Oparin ‘Origin of Life’: Primordal soup  Coacervate  Life
1920s, John B.S. Haldane: ‘Hot filute soup of organics’
1950s, Stanley Miller’s experiment (Ad. H. Urey)  syn. aminoacids
1950s, Sydney Fox, Kaoru Harada’s experiment  Fox’s synthesis of
protenoid
Now: No standard theory, but all starts frpm somewhat like Oparin’s model.
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Lot of dispute in
monomer  polymer
commencing of metabolism and replication
Miller-Urey experiment (1953).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment
5-1-2. History of Life
• First evidence of Life
http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110
220/full/news.2011.110.html
These are images and drawings of structures found in
a rock called the Apex Chert. They were thought to be
fossilized bacteria and amongst the earliest life on
Earth at around 3.5 billion years old. However they
were much disputed, with some scientists claiming they
were inorganic, and a recent paper in Nature has
revealed these organic-looking structures are actually
fractures in the rock that had filled with a mixture of
haematite and quartz minerals, so they are totally
inorganic. The paper is here, and an easier to read
description is here. These structures have been
extensively analysed by multiple teams of scientists
before it could be confirmed what they were.
http://astrobioloblog.wordpress.com/2011/03/13/panspermia-did-l
ife-on-earth-come-from-space-%E2%80%93-part-3-richard-hoov
er-cyanobacteria-from-space/
A highly resolved Tree of Life, based on completely sequenced genomes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_life
The geological clock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale
http://www.today.com/id/23414422/ns/today-today
_entertainment/t/land-time-great-prehistoric-flicks/#
.U4rHLNKwfmE
Never!!
http://www.csicop.org/si/show/monsters_and_dragons_and_dinosaurs_oh_my_creationist_interpretations_of_beo
Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic
P-Tr
K-Pg
O-S
Tr-Jr
Late D
The blue graph shows the apparent percentage (not the absolute number) of marine animal
genera becoming extinct during any given time interval. It does not represent all marine
species, just those that are readily fossilized. The labels of the "Big Five" extinction events .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction#Major_extinction_events
Possible causes of mass extinction
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Flood basalt events
Sea-level falls
Impact events
Ocean asteroid impacts
Sustained and significant global cooling
Sustained and significant global warming
Clathrate gun hypothesis
Anoxic events
Hydrogen sulfide emissions from the seas
Oceanic overturn
A nearby nova, supernova or gamma ray burst
Plate tectonics
Other hypotheses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction#Major_extinction_events