8.1 Introduction to Titrations
Organic Compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon atoms, usually bonded to other carbon
atoms and hydrogen atoms. They may also contain other elements such as
halogens, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulphur.
Drawing Organic Compounds
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Alkanes are hydrocarbons containing only single bonds. They are saturated
meaning there is no room for other atoms to bond to the carbon skeleton.
They have the general formual CnH(2n+2)
Some examples:
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Naming Alkanes
You need to know the following prefixes for naming
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Naming Branched Alkanes
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Structural Isomers
Define
Different compounds with different chemical properties, and yet they have the same
molecular formula
Examples – 2 of 3 possible structural isomers
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Cycloalkanes
Define
Carbon atoms bonded to each other to form a cyclic structure
Examples
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Cycloalkanes - Naming
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Alkenes
Define
Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing double bonds. They are unsaturated.
Naming
Rules the same as alkanes except that parent chain name ends in “ene”
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Alkenes - Isomers
Geometric isomers - alkenes that have the same structure, but the orientation of the groups
across the double bond are different. Geometric isomers are also called cis-trans isomers.
Examples
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Alkynes
Define
Hydrocarbons containing triple bonds. They are unsaturated. They have the general formula
CnH(2n-2)
Naming Rules
Same as for alkanes except parent chain ends in “yne”.
Example
Notes
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Define
Contain at least one benzene ring.
Benzene Ring
Six carbon atoms in a ring. It has a molecular formula C6H6.
Resonance Structures
The electrons in the benzene molecule are
delocalized, meaning that they are spread
across more than one atom. In other words,
there is more than one way to draw its
Lewis structure. Equivalent Lewis structures
are called resonance structures
9.1 Introduction to Titrations
Naming Benzene
For benzenes where only two branches exist on the ring, the three possible
1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4- positions can also be indicated using the prefixes “ortho,” “meta,” and
“para” respectively. These prefixes describe how close the branches are to each other on
the benzene ring (Figure below). A benzene ring with one methyl branch is commonly
called toluene. A benzene ring with two methyl branches is commonly called xylene.