URINARY SYSTEM
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URINARY SYSTEM
• AKA Excretory
system
• Removes certain
wastes and excess
water
• Maintains the acidbase balance
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URINARY STRUCTURES
•
2 KIDNEYS
•
2 URETERS
•
BLADDER
•
URETHRA
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KIDNEYS
•
2 BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS
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KIDNEYS
LOCATION:
-BESIDE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
-BEHIND ABDOMINAL
CAVITY
(Retroperitoneal space)
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KIDNEYS
• Protected by a cushion
of fat and the ribs
• Held in place by
connective tissue
• Enclosed in a mass of
fatty tissue called the
adipose capsule
• Covered by tough fibrous
tissue called the renal
fascia
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KIDNEYS
DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN SECTIONS:
Renal cortex and renal medulla
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CORTEX
• Outer section of the
kidney
• Contains most of the
filtering units called
nephrons
(which aid in the
production of urine)
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MEDULLA
• INNER SECTION OF
KIDNEY
• CONTAINS MOST OF
THE COLLECTING
TUBULES (WHICH
CARRY THE URINE
FROM THE
NEPHRONS THROUGH
THE KIDNEYS)
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NEPHRONS
• Microscopic filtering
units
• Over a million in each
kidney
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NEPHRONS
• CONSISTS OF:
-Glomerulus
-Bowman’s capsule
-Proximal convolutes tubule
- Loop of Henle
-Distal convoluted tubule
-Collecting duct
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RENAL ARTERIES
Carry blood to the
kidneys
Branches pass through
the medulla to the
cortex where blood
enters the glomerulus
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GLOMERULUS
• A cluster of capillaries
• Filtered from the blood:
water, salt, sugar, metabolic
products and other
substances
• Does not filter red blood cells
and protein out of the blood
• Substances that were filtered
out enter the Bowman’s
capsule
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BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
• C-Shaped structure
• Surrounds the glomerulus
• Is the beginning of the
proximal convoluted tubule
• Passes the filtered
substances into the
convoluted tubules
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TUBULES
• Filtered substances that
are needed by the body
are reabsorbed in the
convoluted tubules
• Most of the sugar, water
and salts are
reabosorbed
• Urea, uric acid and
creatinine remain in the
tubules
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URINE
• Made up of concentrated
liquid called urea, uric acid,
creatinine, mineral salts,
pigments and 95% water,
• Liquid waste product of the
urinary system
• The presence of sugar or
protein may indicate disease
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URINE
• The kidneys produce about
1500 to 2000 ml (cc) of
urine per day (1 ½ to 2
quarts)
• The kidneys filter about
150 quarts of blood per day
• From the Bowman’s
capsule, the urine enters
the convoluted tubules and
goes to the collecting ducts
in the renal medulla
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COLLECTING DUCTS
• Located in the renal
medulla
• AKA tubules
• Empty into the renal pelvis
(renal basin)(which forms
the first part of the ureter)
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URETERS
• Two muscular tubules
• 10 - 12 inches long
• Extends from the renal
pelvis to the bladder
• Peristalsis moves urine
down the tubules
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BLADDER
• A hollow muscular sac
located in the pelvis
• Located behind the
symphysis pubis
• Midline in the pelvic
cavity
• Lined with a mucous
membrane
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BLADDER
• Mucous membrane is arranged in folds called
rugae
• The rugae disappear as the bladder fills and
expands
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BLADDER FUNCTIONS
• Receives urine form
the kidneys
• Stores the urine
until it is expelled
from the body
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BLADDER MUSCLES
• A circular sphincter muscle
controls the opening
leading from the bladder
• As the bladder fills
receptors in the wall sends
a message to the brain
• The brain sends the
sphincter muscle a
message to relax and
release the urine
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URETHRA
• Tube that carries urine
from the bladder to the
outside of the body
• The external opening is
called the urinary meatus
• The urethra is different in
males and females
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FEMALE URETHRA
-FEMALES: urethra is
about 1 ½ inches long
-opens in front of the
vagina
-carries urine ONLY
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MALE URETHRA
-MALES: about 8 inches
long and s-shaped
-passes through the
prostate gland
-carries BOTH urine and
semen
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POLYURIA
EXCESS
URINATION
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OLIGURIA
BELOW
NORMAL
AMOUNT OF
URINE
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ANURIA
ABSENCE OF URINE
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HEMATURIA
BLOOD IN URINE
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NOCTURIA
URINATION AT
NIGHT
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DYSURIA
PAINFUL URINATION
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RETENTION
INABILITY TO EMPTY
BLADDER
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INCONTINENCE
INVOLUNTARY
URINATION
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DISEASES OF
THE URINARY
SYSTEM
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CYSTITIS
• Inflammation of the urinary bladder usually due to an
ascending urinary tract infection.
• Symptoms: decreased bladder capacity, an urgent need
to urinate frequently day and night, feelings of pressure,
pain, and tenderness around the bladder and pelvis.
• Treatment: antibiotics
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NEPHRITIS
• Nephritis is a term used to
clinically denote a group of
renal disorders associated with
hypertension, decreased renal
function, hematuria, and
edema.
• Nephritis is a noninfectious
inflammatory process involving
the nephron; glomerulonephritis
(GN) generally is a more
precise term.
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PYELONEPHRITIS
• Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection, usually from bacteria
that have spread from the bladder.
• Possible causes of kidney infection include the following:
-infections in the bladder
-use of a catheter to drain urine from the bladder
-use of a cystoscope to examine the bladder
-surgery on the urinary tract
-conditions such as prostate enlargement and kidney
stones that prevent the efficient flow of urine from the
bladder
-efects or abnormalities in the urinary tract that block
the flow of urine
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Symptoms of Pyelonephritis
-back, side, and groin pain
-urgent, frequent urination
-pain or burning during
urination
-fever
-nausea and vomiting
-pus and blood in the
urine
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RENAL CALCULUS
•
Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal
aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine; calculi typically form inside the
kidneys or bladder. The terms nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis refer to the
presence of calculi in the kidneys and urinary tract, respectively.
•
Symptoms of kidney stones include:
-Colicky pain: "loin to groin". Often described as the "the worst pain
I've ever experienced"
-Hematuria: blood in the urine, due to minor damage to inside wall
of kidney, ureter and/or urethra
-Dysuria: burning on urination when passing stones (rare). More
typical of infection.
-Oliguria: reduced urinary volume caused by obstruction of the
bladder or urethra by stone, or extremely rarely, simultaneous
obstruction of both ureters by a stone.
-Nausea/vomiting
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Renal Calculus (stones)
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RENAL FAILURE
•
•
•
Renal failure or kidney failure is a situation in which the kidneys fail to
function adequately. It is divided in acute and chronic forms; either form
may be due to a large number of other medical problems.
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a rapidly progressive loss of renal function,
generally characterized by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified
as less than 400 mL per day in adults; body water and body fluids
disturbances; and electrolyte derangement. An underlying cause must be
identified to arrest the progress, and dialysis may be necessary to bridge
the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes. ARF can result
from a large number of causes.
Chronic renal failure can either develop slowly and show few initial
symptoms, be the long term result of irreversible acute disease or be part of
a disease progression. There are many causes of CKD. The most common
cause is diabetes mellitus.
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Dialysis – treatment of
Renal Failure
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The END of the
Urinary System
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