Gluteus Maximus



O: lower posterior iliac crest and posterior surface of the sacrum
I: gluteal tuberosity (upper, posterior aspect of the femur) &
I.T. band
Actions:



Extension of the hip
External rotation of the hip
Lower fibers (below the center of motion) assist in adduction

Extension

Gluteus Maximus
 Produces hip extension beyond 15 degrees; not used extensively during walking
 Strongly used during running, hopping, skipping, and jumping
 Best isolated with the knee flexed to reduce hip extension from the hamstrings
40 degrees

Gluteus Medius
 O: outer surface of the ilium just below the crest
 I: greater trochanter
 Actions:
 Abduction of the hip
 Anterior fibers:
Internal rotation,
 Posterior fibers:
External rotation.

Gluteus Minimus



O: outer surface of the ilium beneath the gluteus medius
I: greater trochanter of the femur
Actions
 Abduction of the hip
 Internal rotation

Gluteus Medius and Minimus



During walking these muscles abduct (or hold up) the free leg, preventing it from sagging.
Both are important in transferring weight from one leg to the other (e.g. running, hopping, skipping, etc.)
Their effectiveness decreases with age.

Biceps Femoris




Lateral side
Origin:
 1.) Long head - ischial tuberosity;
 2.) Short head - lower half of the linea aspera
Insertion: Head of the fibula
Action:



Extension of hip
External rotation of the hip
(and knee)
(Flexion of knee)

Biceps Femoris
 One of the hamstring muscles (semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
 A two-joint muscle which is a powerful hip extensor unless the knees are flexed
 Isolated during leg curls with some external rotation of the hip and knee. This “lines up” the origin and insertion.

Semitendinosus




Medial side; superficial
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial surface of proximal end of the tibia
Action:
 Extension of the hip


Internal rotation of the hip (and knee)
Flexion of the knee

Semimembranosus




Medial side, deeper than semitendonosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia
Action:
 Extension of the hip


Internal rotation of the hip (and knee)
Flexion of the knee





Two-joint muscles
Used in ordinary walking for hip extension
Best exercised with knee flexion exercises (leg curls) with the hip and knee internally rotated
Help to medially stabilize knee

 O: iliac crest
 I: iliotibial (I.T.) band
 Actions:
 Flexion of the hip
 Internal rotation
 Abduction of the hip

 Prevents external rotation at the hip is flexed
Stretching
Strengthening

Iliopsoas



Origins:

 iliac fossa vertebral bodies of the last thorasic and lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
Actions:
 Flexion of the hip
 External rotation

Iliopsoas







Strong hip flexor muscle
Raises legs off the floor from the supine position.
Pulls anteriorly on the lower lumbar vertebrae
May aggravate lower back problems
Abdominal muscles can prevent lumbar strain
Used during complete situps and straight leg sit-ups.
Stretching this muscle requires hyper-extension of the hip.

Pectineous
 O: pubic crest or ramus
 I: below the linea aspera
 Actions
 Flexion
 Adduction
 Internal rotation

Tensor Fasciae Latae
Pectineus

 Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis
 Insertion: Pectineal line (linea aspera)
 Actions:
 Adduction
 External rotation

Adductor Longus




Below the adductor brevis
O: front of the pubis just below its crest
I: middle third of the linea aspera
Actions:
 Adduction
 Flexion

Adductor Magnus
 Located posterior to the longus
 O: edge of the pubic crest and ischial tuberosity
 I: linea aspera
 Actions:
 Adduction
 External rotation

Gracilis
 O: pubic crest
 I: medial condyle of tibia
 Actions:
 Adduction at the hip
 Internal rotation
 [Flexion at the knee]

Adductor Muscles






Adductor Brevis
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Not heavily used in ordinary movements
Horse back riding, the breaststroke kick in swimming

Sartorius



Origin: Anterior-superior spine of the ilium
Insertion: Anterior medial condyle of the tibia (behind the medial condyle)
Action:


Flexion of hip
External rotation of the hip
 [Flexion of the knee]

Sartorius
 Longest muscle in the body
 It is a two-joint muscle; hip flexion and knee flexion
 It is weak when both actions take place at the same time.

Rectus Femoris




Two joint muscle; most superficial
Origin: anterior-inferior iliac spine of the ilium
Insertion: top of the patella and patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity
Actions:
 Flexion of the hip [Extension of the knee]

Rectus Femoris
 A two-joint muscle: hip flexion and knee extension
 Powerful knee extension when the hip is extended but weaker when the hip is flexed.
 The gluteus maximus and the hamstring muscles will extend the hip making the rectus femoris stronger during knee extension



ANTERIOR
Obturator Externus
Anterior





POSTERIOR
Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Obturator internus
Gemellus inferior
 Quadratus femoris
Posterior

Posterior
Posterior

Posterior Anterior

 Common action is External Rotation
 Powerful external rotation of the hip is required to throw a baseball, swing a bat or golf club.
 The sciatic nerve passes just inferior to the piriformis therefore a tight piriformis muscle my contribute to compression on the sciatic nerve.

Abduction

Flexion

Extension, Abduction &
External Rotation

Extension and External
Rotation

Flexion

Flexion and External Rotation and Abduction

Flexion and Adduction

1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linea Aspera
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
1.
2.
5.
4.
3.
6.
7.

1 = iliac crest
2 = anterior spine
3 = greater trochanter
1.
2.
4 = lesser trochanter
5 = ischial tuberosity
3.
6 = pubis crest
4.
5.
6.

1.
Ilium
2.
Pubis
3.
Ischium

1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 = iliac crest greater trochanter ischial tuberosity lesser trochanter linea aspera
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Name the muscle
 Actions: extension of the thigh at the hip lateral rotation of the thigh lower fibers (below the center of motion) assist adduction upper fibers (above the center of motion) assist in abduction
Gluteus Maximus

Name the muscle
 Actions
 adduction of the thigh at the hip
 aids in flexion
Adductor Brevis

Name the muscle
 Actions


 abduction of the thigh medial rotation flexion
Gluteus Minimus

Name the muscle
 Actions:

 adduction of the thigh assists in flexion of the thigh at the hip
Adductor Longus

Name the muscle
 Actions:
 abduction of the thigh
 anterior fibers: flexion and medial rotation,
 posterior fibers: extension and lateral rotation.
Gluetus Medius

Name the muscle
 Actions:
 adduction at the hip
 medial rotation
 [flexion at the knee]
Gracilis

Name the muscle
 Actions:


 flexion of the thigh at the hip slight adduction flexion of the spine
Iliopsoas

Name the muscle
 Actions
 flexion of the hip
 adduction
Pectineus

Name the muscle
 Actions:
 flexion of the thigh at the hip
 medial rotation
 abduction of the thigh, medial rotation (weak)
Tensor Fasciae Latae

Name the muscle
 Actions:
 adduction of the thigh at the hip
 flexion (anterior fibers)
 extension (posterior fibers)
Adductor Magnus

 What is the most anterior hip rotator muscle?
 Obturator Externus

 Piriformis
 Gemellus superior
 Obturator internus
 Gemellus inferior
 Quadratus femoris
External Rotation

Name the muscle


Deep muscle
Action:
 Extension of the hip


Flexion of the knee
Internal rotation of the hip (and knee)
Semimembranosus

Name the muscle


Superficial muscle
Action:
 Extension of the hip


Flexion of the knee
Internal rotation of the hip
(and knee)
Semitendonosis

 Action:


Flexion of hip
External rotation of the hip
Sartorius
 [Flexion of the knee]

Name the muscle
 Actions:


Flexion of the hip
[Extension of the knee]
Rectus Femoris

Name the muscle
 Action:



Extension of hip
Flexion of knee
Lateral rotation of the hip (and knee)
Biceps Femoris

Name the muscle
Gluteus Medius

Pectineus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis

Iliac crest
Anterior spine

1
1.
2.
3.
Acetabulum
Sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
2
3

1.
2.
Tensor fasciae latae
Sartorius
1
2

1. Name the muscle
Gluteus Maximus
2. Name the landmark
Iliac Crest
3. Name the structure
Iliotibial band